Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Urethra01:16

Urethra

2.3K
The urethra is a hollowed tubular organ through which urine is expelled from the body. This structure extends from the bladder to the external opening, allowing urine to be released.
The anatomy of the urethra differs between males and females. In females, the urethra is short, measuring about 3–4 cm in length, and opens anterior to the vaginal opening. In males, the urethra is longer and passes through the penis, serving dual purposes: expelling urine and ejaculating semen. The male...
2.3K
Imaging Studies V: Intravenous Urography and Retrograde Pyelography01:22

Imaging Studies V: Intravenous Urography and Retrograde Pyelography

422
IntroductionIntravenous Urography (IVU) and Retrograde Pyelography (RP) are important diagnostic imaging techniques used to evaluate the urinary system. These methods help identify structural abnormalities, obstructions, and functional issues in the kidneys, ureters, and bladder. Both procedures use iodine-based contrast media to enhance the visibility of urinary tract structures on X-ray images, though they differ in their methods and indications.1. Intravenous Urography (IVU)Intravenous...
422
Imaging Studies IV: Magnetic Resonance Imaging01:27

Imaging Studies IV: Magnetic Resonance Imaging

107
Introduction:Magnetic Resonance Imaging, or MRI, can include a specialized imaging technique of the urinary system known as Magnetic Resonance Urography (MRU). This radiation-free technique uses strong magnetic fields and radio waves to produce detailed images with the help of a computer. MRU is particularly effective for visualizing fluid-filled structures like the kidneys, ureters, and bladder.Applications of MRI in the Genitourinary SystemKidneys and Ureters: MRI detects tumors, cysts,...
107
Anatomy of the Genitourinary System II: Bladder and Urethra01:19

Anatomy of the Genitourinary System II: Bladder and Urethra

495
The lower urinary system consists of the urinary bladder and urethra, which are essential in storing and expelling urine from the body. Together with the internal and external sphincters, these structures work together to regulate urination effectively.Anatomy of the BladderThe urinary bladder is a muscular, stretchable organ behind the pubic bone and in front of the rectum. In females, the bladder is positioned anterior to the vagina and inferior to the uterus, while in males, it is located...
495
Imaging Studies VI: Voiding Cystourethrography and Cystography01:22

Imaging Studies VI: Voiding Cystourethrography and Cystography

346
Voiding Cystourethrography (VCUG) and Cystography are specialized radiographic procedures used to examine the structure and function of the bladder and urethra.Voiding Cystourethrography (VCUG)A Voiding Cystourethrogram (VCUG) is a diagnostic imaging procedure that assesses the anatomy and function of the lower urinary tract. It focuses on the bladder, bladder neck, and urethra, helping detect abnormalities such as vesicoureteral reflux (VUR)—the backward or reverse flow of urine into the...
346
Imaging Studies II: Ultrasonography01:24

Imaging Studies II: Ultrasonography

107
IntroductionUltrasonography, or renal ultrasound, is a noninvasive medical imaging technique that uses high-frequency sound waves to visualize the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and surrounding tissues.Indications for Urinary System UltrasonographyUrinary system ultrasonography is indicated in various clinical scenarios, such as:Kidney Stones (Urolithiasis): To detect and monitor the size and presence of kidney or urinary tract stones.Hydronephrosis: To assess the dilation of the renal pelvis and...
107

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Treatment of High-Risk Biochemically Recurrent Prostate Cancer with Enzalutamide in Combination with Leuprolide: Secondary End Points from the EMBARK Trial: Erratum.

The Journal of urology·2026
Same author

Is there an association between acute, subacute, and late genitourinary quality of life with prostate SBRT boost?

Radiotherapy and oncology : journal of the European Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology·2026
Same author

A Review of the Australian MRI Linac Program: From Pie in the Sky to Research Milestone.

Journal of medical imaging and radiation oncology·2026
Same author

Exploring the role of advanced MRI in understanding glioblastoma biology: A scoping review protocol.

MethodsX·2026
Same author

Cervical Cancer in Australia: A Radiation Oncology Perspective on Recent Developments, Challenges and Future Directions.

Journal of medical imaging and radiation oncology·2026
Same author

Temporal change in liver function after stereotactic body radiation therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma.

Journal of gastrointestinal oncology·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 4, 2025

Use of MRI-ultrasound Fusion to Achieve Targeted Prostate Biopsy
09:11

Use of MRI-ultrasound Fusion to Achieve Targeted Prostate Biopsy

Published on: April 9, 2019

21.9K

Visualising the urethra for prostate radiotherapy planning.

Matthew Richardson1, Kate Skehan1, Lee Wilton1

  • 1Department of Radiation Oncology, Calvary Mater Newcastle, Waratah, New South Wales, Australia.

Journal of Medical Radiation Sciences
|May 24, 2021
PubMed
Summary

High-resolution 3D T2 SPACE MRI significantly reduces inter-observer variability in prostatic urethra delineation for radiotherapy planning. This imaging technique improves visualization, aiding in more accurate treatment planning and potentially reducing genitourinary toxicity.

Keywords:
MRISBRTprostateradiation therapyurethra

More Related Videos

Proton Therapy Delivery and Its Clinical Application in Select Solid Tumor Malignancies
08:34

Proton Therapy Delivery and Its Clinical Application in Select Solid Tumor Malignancies

Published on: February 6, 2019

20.7K
Pre-clinical Orthotopic Murine Model of Human Prostate Cancer
07:01

Pre-clinical Orthotopic Murine Model of Human Prostate Cancer

Published on: August 29, 2016

14.7K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Nov 4, 2025

Use of MRI-ultrasound Fusion to Achieve Targeted Prostate Biopsy
09:11

Use of MRI-ultrasound Fusion to Achieve Targeted Prostate Biopsy

Published on: April 9, 2019

21.9K
Proton Therapy Delivery and Its Clinical Application in Select Solid Tumor Malignancies
08:34

Proton Therapy Delivery and Its Clinical Application in Select Solid Tumor Malignancies

Published on: February 6, 2019

20.7K
Pre-clinical Orthotopic Murine Model of Human Prostate Cancer
07:01

Pre-clinical Orthotopic Murine Model of Human Prostate Cancer

Published on: August 29, 2016

14.7K

Area of Science:

  • Radiotherapy and Medical Imaging
  • Oncology and Urology

Background:

  • Prostate radiotherapy poses a risk to the prostatic urethra, leading to genitourinary toxicities.
  • Urethral sparing is crucial in external beam radiation therapy protocols.
  • Current MRI sequences offer good prostate delineation but often lack precision for the urethral path.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the effectiveness of high-resolution isotropic 3D T2 MRI in reducing inter-observer variability for prostatic urethral delineation.
  • To compare the accuracy of 3D T2 SPACE MRI with traditional CT and T2 TSE MRI for urethral contouring.

Main Methods:

  • Five independent observers contoured the prostatic urethra on CT, 3 mm axial T2 TSE MRI, and 0.9 mm isotropic 3D T2 SPACE MRI datasets.
  • Observers were blinded to each other's contours.
  • Dice Similarity Coefficient (DSC) was calculated against an expert reference contour.

Main Results:

  • The mean DSC scores were 0.47 for CT, 0.62 for T2 TSE MRI, and 0.78 for T2 SPACE MRI.
  • The improvement in DSC with T2 SPACE MRI was statistically significant (P < 0.001).

Conclusions:

  • A 0.9 mm isotropic 3D T2 SPACE MRI significantly enhances prostatic urethral visualization.
  • This advanced MRI technique leads to a substantial reduction in inter-observer variation for contouring.
  • Improved contouring accuracy supports more precise radiotherapy planning and potentially better patient outcomes.