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Related Concept Videos

Analgesia and Pain Management01:25

Analgesia and Pain Management

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Pain is critical to various clinical pathologies, provoking an urgent need for effective management. Pain, whether acute or chronic, is a complex neurochemical process. Its alleviation depends on the type, with nonopioid analgesics effective for mild to moderate pain, such as musculoskeletal or inflammatory pain, while neuropathic pain responds best to anticonvulsants, tricyclic antidepressants, or serotonin/norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors. For severe acute or chronic pain, opioids may be...
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Related Experiment Video

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Determining Pain Detection and Tolerance Thresholds Using an Integrated, Multi-Modal Pain Task Battery
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Performance on the CVLT-2 during induced pain.

Joseph L Etherton1, Chas Jones1, Rachel Farley1

  • 1Department of Psychology, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX.

The Clinical Neuropsychologist
|May 25, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Induced pain significantly impairs verbal learning and memory performance, as measured by the California Verbal Learning Test (CVLT-2). This suggests pain itself, not just neurological conditions, may cause cognitive deficits in chronic pain patients.

Keywords:
CVLT-2chronic paincognitive functioninginduced pain

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Last Updated: Nov 4, 2025

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Neuroscience
  • Pain Research

Background:

  • Chronic pain patients often report cognitive impairments, particularly in learning and memory.
  • Previous research with induced pain showed no reliable cognitive decrements, questioning the direct impact of pain.
  • This study investigates the direct effect of induced pain on verbal learning and memory.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To examine the impact of experimentally induced pain on verbal learning and memory.
  • To assess the relationship between self-reported pain intensity and cognitive performance.
  • To determine if pain contributes to cognitive deficits independent of neurological conditions.

Main Methods:

  • 111 undergraduate students completed the California Verbal Learning Test (CVLT-2) under two conditions: cold pressor-induced pain or non-painful warm water immersion.
  • Participants completed alternate versions of the CVLT-2 in each condition to control for practice effects.
  • Performance was measured using standard CVLT-2 variables, and self-reported pain intensity was recorded.

Main Results:

  • Participants in the pain condition showed significant decrements in CVLT-2 performance, with a mean T-score decrease of 10.98 for early trials.
  • The control (warm water) condition showed minimal performance decrease (average of 1.5 words).
  • Self-reported pain intensity correlated with memory recall decrements, but not with initial learning performance.

Conclusions:

  • Experimentally induced pain demonstrably impairs verbal learning and memory.
  • These findings suggest that pain itself can be a direct cause of cognitive deficits in individuals with chronic pain.
  • The results challenge the notion that cognitive issues in chronic pain are solely due to underlying neurological problems.