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T Cell Types and Functions

T Cell Types and Functions

When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 4, 2025

Isolating Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells and CD4+ T cells from Sézary Syndrome Patients for Transcriptomic Profiling

Isolating Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells and CD4+ T cells from Sézary Syndrome Patients for Transcriptomic Profiling

Published on: October 14, 2021

Single-cell transcriptome analysis identifies skin-specific T-cell responses in systemic sclerosis.

Alyxzandria M Gaydosik¹, Tracy Tabib¹, Robyn Domsic¹

¹Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.

Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases

|May 25, 2021

Summary

Researchers identified a unique T cell subset in systemic sclerosis (SSc) skin that may drive disease progression. This finding could lead to targeted therapies for SSc, improving patient outcomes and reducing treatment toxicity.

Keywords:

T-lymphocyte subsets autoimmune diseases systemic sclerosis

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Area of Science:

Immunology
Dermatology
Genomics

Background:

T cells are implicated in systemic sclerosis (SSc) pathogenesis.
Comprehensive studies on T-cell responses in SSc skin are limited.
Understanding T-cell heterogeneity is crucial for SSc research.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate T-cell-mediated immune responses in progressive SSc skin.
To analyze patient-specific T-cell heterogeneity using single-cell transcriptomics.
To identify novel gene expression related to SSc severity.

Main Methods:

Droplet-based single-cell RNA sequencing of 3729 CD3+ lymphocytes from SSc and healthy skin biopsies.
Analysis of samples from 27 SSc patients and 10 healthy donors.
Validation using confocal immunofluorescence microscopy.

Main Results:

Identified distinct recirculating and tissue-resident T cell subsets in healthy and SSc skin.
Discovered a unique cluster of CXCL13+ T cells in SSc skin with a T helper follicular-like signature.
Observed that these T cells may promote B-cell responses in inflamed SSc skin.

Conclusions:

Current SSc therapies cause broad immune cell toxicity.
Targeting specific immune mechanisms in SSc can lead to more effective and less toxic treatments.
This study provides a basis for developing novel, targeted SSc therapies.