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Different physical properties of lipids and proteins allow them to localize and form distinct islands or domains in the membrane. Some membrane domains are formed due to protein-protein interactions, whereas others are formed due to the presence of specific lipids such as sphingolipids and sterols—for example, large proteins, such as bacteriorhodopsin, aggregate and create distinct domains.
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The cationic polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination. In the initiation step of the polymerization process, the π bond of a monomer gets protonated by the Lewis acid catalyst, which is formed from boron trifluoride and water. The protonation of the π bond generates a carbocation stabilized by the electron‐donating group. In the propagation step, the π bond of the second monomer acts as a nucleophile and attacks the...
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The word polymer is derived from the Greek words “poly” which means “many” and “mer” which means “parts”. Polymers are long chains of molecules composed of repeating units of smaller molecules, known as monomers. They either occur naturally, such as DNA and proteins, or can be constructed synthetically, like plastics. They have varied structural characteristics, such as linear chains, branched chains, or complex networks, that contribute to the...
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Nonequilibrium Processes in Polymer Membrane Formation: Theory and Experiment.

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Porous polymer membranes, especially block copolymer types, are key for water purification and macromolecule separation. Understanding their complex formation is crucial for optimizing performance and design.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Chemical Engineering
  • Polymer Science

Background:

  • Porous polymer and copolymer membranes are vital for applications like ultrafiltration, macromolecule separation, and water purification.
  • Block copolymer membranes provide a bottom-up strategy for creating isoporous membranes with tailored properties.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide direct insights into the spatiotemporal structure evolution during membrane formation.
  • To optimize membrane permeability, selectivity, longevity, and cost through rational design of fabrication processes.

Main Methods:

  • Compilation of experimental observations and theoretical approaches for membrane fabrication.
  • Analysis of nonsolvent-induced phase separation in both homo- and block copolymer membranes.

Main Results:

  • Identified the interplay of multiple nonequilibrium processes governing membrane structure.
  • Highlighted key processes including evaporation, solvent-nonsolvent exchange, diffusion, hydrodynamic flow, viscoelasticity, phase separation, and dynamic arrest.

Conclusions:

  • The complex, multi-scale structure of porous polymer membranes is dictated by a combination of nonequilibrium phenomena.
  • Further understanding of these processes is necessary for the rational design and fabrication of advanced membranes.