Related Experiment Video
Updated: Oct 13, 2026
Testing Sensory and Multisensory Function in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder
Published on: April 22, 2015
Cross-cultural Validation of the Full Range Test of Visual Motor Integration Used with Children in Four Arab
Mahmoud Mohamed Emam, Asma A Al-Attiyah1, Amthal Alhuwilah2
1Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.
Significance:
Arab countries have a shortage of culturally sensitive psychoeducational assessments. Tests of visual-motor integration are low in their linguistic demands, yet they are not culture-free.
Purpose:
The aim of this study was to explore the psychometric properties and the validation of the Full Range Test of Visual Motor Integration (FRTVMI) across four Arabic speaking countries, namely, Sultanate of Oman, Kuwait, Qatar, and the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (n = 2318).
Methods:
The FRTVMI was administered to 2318 children from four Gulf countries. Criterion measures included the Reading Observation Scale and the achievement scores in reading. All raw data obtained for the FRTVMI were analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences and R package (version 3.5.1, 2018). Construct validity was examined using confirmatory factor analysis. The internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and interrater reliability of FRTVMI were also examined.
Results:
The means for Cronbach α, intraclass correlation, and test-retest reliability across the four countries were 0.87, 0.87, and 0.90, respectively. Spearman ρ correlation between FRTVMI scores and Reading Observation Scale scores ranged between 0.16 and 0.51 across the four countries and were 0.57, 0.43, and 0.45 for male and female participants and the entire sample, respectively. The Spearman ρ correlations between FRTVMI scores and reading achievement scores ranged between 0.15 and 0.20 across the four countries and were 0.27, 0.29, and 0.26 for male and female participants and the entire sample, respectively. The modified model indices showed that the FRTVMI was adequate for use in the four countries and for both male and female participants. The reliability estimates for the test were high, whereas the concurrent validity estimates were moderate.
Conclusions:
The unidimensionality of the test should be taken with caution, as we found some indication for the multidimensionality of the test factor structure. Implications for cross-cultural assessment are discussed.
