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Gram-negative Bacterial Protein Secretion Systems01:17

Gram-negative Bacterial Protein Secretion Systems

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Gram-negative bacteria utilize sophisticated protein secretion systems to transport proteins across their double-membrane envelope into the extracellular environment or host cells. Based on their mechanism of action, these systems are classified into one-step and two-step pathways.One-Step Secretion Systems (Types I, III, IV, and VI)One-step secretion systems bypass the periplasm entirely, forming a continuous channel that spans both the inner and outer membranes:Type I Secretion System (T1SS):...
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Bacterial protein secretion involves translocation systems to ensure proteins reach their designated locations, including the plasma membrane, periplasm, outer membrane, or the external environment. These translocation systems are vital for bacterial physiology, supporting processes like membrane assembly, enzymatic activity in the periplasm, and interactions with the external environment. The division of labor between Sec and Tat pathways ensures efficiency in handling proteins with diverse...
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Secretory vesicles, also known as dense core vesicles (DCVs), are membrane-bound vesicles that transport secretory proteins, such as hormones or neurotransmitters. Regulated secretory vesicles transport proteins from the trans-Golgi network to the exterior of the cell. Proteins present in regulated secretory vesicles are required to be rapidly exocytosed in large amounts upon a specific stimulus.
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Septins are protein filaments forming the cytoskeleton along with the microtubules, microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and other accessory proteins. In 1971 while studying the cell division cycle in mutant Saccharomyces cerevisiae Harwell et al. first identified the septin-related genes playing a crucial role in yeast cytokinesis. Fluorescence microscopy revealed that these proteins localize at the budding neck as rings. These ring-like proteins were then named Septins by John Pringle, and...
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Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) are crucial components of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, serving both structural and functional roles. It contributes to membrane stability and protects bacteria from host immune responses. LPS is composed of three major regions—lipid A, a core oligosaccharide, and an O antigen. The biosynthesis and assembly of LPS involve a highly coordinated set of enzymatic reactions and transport mechanisms. Additionally, LPS is recognized as an endotoxin,...
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The ER, Golgi apparatus, endosomes, and lysosomes work in tandem to modify, sort, and package proteins and lipids. An integrated membrane trafficking network facilitates the back and forth shuttling of molecules within different organelles in the same cell or across the cell membrane.
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Type VII secretion systems: structure, functions and transport models.

Angel Rivera-Calzada1, Nikolaos Famelis2,3, Oscar Llorca4

  • 1Structural Biology Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain. ariverac@cnio.es.

Nature Reviews. Microbiology
|May 27, 2021
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Type VII secretion systems (T7SSs) are crucial for Mycobacterium tuberculosis survival and immune evasion. Recent structural and molecular insights into T7SSs offer new strategies for targeting this deadly pathogen.

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Structural Biology
  • Pathogen Biology

Background:

  • Type VII secretion systems (T7SSs) are essential for both pathogenic and non-pathogenic mycobacteria.
  • Mycobacterium tuberculosis utilizes T7SSs for host survival and immune evasion, contributing to 1.4 million annual deaths.
  • The mechanism of effector protein transport across the mycobacterial outer membrane via T7SSs remains largely unknown.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advances in the structural characterization of T7SSs.
  • To integrate new findings in molecular biology, regulation, and effector protein understanding of mycobacterial T7SSs.
  • To highlight implications for developing new therapeutic strategies against M. tuberculosis.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent structural studies on T7SS components.
  • Analysis of molecular biology and regulatory mechanisms of T7SSs.
  • Examination of secreted effector proteins and their functions.

Main Results:

  • Detailed structural information on conserved T7SS components within the plasma membrane has been elucidated.
  • Progress has been made in understanding the molecular biology, regulation, and secreted effectors of mycobacterial T7SSs.
  • New transport models for T7SSs have been proposed based on recent findings.

Conclusions:

  • Recent advances provide a clearer picture of the T7SS machinery's inner workings.
  • The elucidated structural and mechanistic insights offer novel avenues for targeting M. tuberculosis.
  • Understanding T7SSs is critical for developing new anti-tuberculosis therapies.