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Endocarditis I: Introduction01:25

Endocarditis I: Introduction

112
Introduction:Endocarditis is the infection of the endocardium, the inner lining of the heart and its valves. When the heart muscle is involved, the condition is termed myocarditis, while an infection of the outer lining is called pericarditis. Infective endocarditis (IE) primarily affects the endocardium, where pathogens adhere to the valves or lining, forming vegetation that can lead to severe complications. Infective endocarditis occurs when microorganisms, usually bacteria from other body...
112
Endocarditis II: Clinical Features of Infective Endocarditis01:25

Endocarditis II: Clinical Features of Infective Endocarditis

76
Endocarditis can present various clinical features depending on the causative organism and the patient's underlying health conditions. Initially, the clinical features of infective endocarditis develop gradually, presenting with nonspecific symptoms that can be easily mistaken for other illnesses.General SymptomsEarly symptoms of infective endocarditis are fever, chills, weakness, malaise, fatigue, and weight loss. These symptoms reflect the systemic nature of the infection and the body's...
76
Endocarditis III: Medical Management01:18

Endocarditis III: Medical Management

72
Infective endocarditis management involves a multifaceted approach encompassing infection prevention, lifestyle modifications, pharmacological therapy, and surgical management.Infection Prevention:Hand Hygiene: Thorough handwashing is crucial to prevent the spread of infection. Hand hygiene should be performed regularly, especially before and after using the restroom.Oral Hygiene: Good oral hygiene is essential. It includes brushing teeth immediately after waking up and before bed, flossing...
72
Endocarditis IV: Nursing Management01:29

Endocarditis IV: Nursing Management

112
Infective endocarditis (IE) is a chronic infection of the heart's endocardium, primarily affecting the heart valves. A detailed nursing assessment for a patient with IE involves collecting subjective and objective data to ensure an accurate diagnosis and timely intervention.Subjective DataThe nurse gathers information about the patient's symptoms and complaints during the subjective assessment. Patients with infective endocarditis often report non-specific symptoms that can mimic other...
112
Myocarditis I: Introduction01:21

Myocarditis I: Introduction

123
Myocarditis is inflammation of the myocardium, which is the muscular layer of the heart.EtiologyMyocarditis has a diverse etiology, including a wide range of infectious and non-infectious causes:Infectious CausesViral: Common viruses include Coxsackie A and B, adenovirus, parvovirus B19, enteroviruses, and influenza A.Bacterial: Examples include infections caused by Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, and Mycoplasma species.Rickettsial: Infections like Rocky Mountain spotted fever can result in...
123
Rheumatic Heart Disease I: Introduction01:23

Rheumatic Heart Disease I: Introduction

146
Rheumatic heart disease or RHD is a chronic condition that results from rheumatic fever, causing permanent damage to the heart valves.Etiology and Risk FactorsIt primarily arises from rheumatic fever, an inflammatory disease that can develop after untreated or inadequately treated group A streptococcal (GAS) pharyngitis. Streptococcus spreads through direct contact with oral or respiratory secretions. While the bacteria are the causative agents, factors like malnutrition, overcrowding, poor...
146

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 4, 2025

Visualization of Streptococcus pneumoniae within Cardiac Microlesions and Subsequent Cardiac Remodeling
08:25

Visualization of Streptococcus pneumoniae within Cardiac Microlesions and Subsequent Cardiac Remodeling

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Elusive Enterobacter cloacae causing pacemaker endocarditis.

Naji Maaliki1, Jorge Verdecia2, Malleswari Ravi2

  • 1Department of Internal Medicine, University of Florida COM-Jacksonville, 4th Floor, 655 8th W 8th Street, Jacksonville, FL, USA.

Idcases
|May 27, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A rare case of Enterobacter cloacae endocarditis affecting pacemaker leads and the mitral valve was successfully treated with an unconventional method. This highlights uncommon gram-negative causes of endocarditis.

Keywords:
Cardiac implantable electronic device endocarditisEndocarditisEnterobacter cloacaeNon-HACEK gram-negative rodsPacemaker endocarditis

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Area of Science:

  • Infectious Diseases
  • Cardiology
  • Medical Case Reports

Background:

  • Endocarditis is a serious infection of the heart's inner lining or valves.
  • Gram-negative bacteria, particularly non-HACEK organisms, are uncommon causes of infective endocarditis.
  • Pacemaker implantation is a known risk factor for device-related infections.

Observation:

  • An 80-year-old patient presented with fever, chills, and chest pain.
  • Infective endocarditis caused by Enterobacter cloacae was diagnosed, involving pacemaker leads and the mitral valve.
  • The source of infection remained unidentified.

Findings:

  • Enterobacter cloacae, a non-HACEK gram-negative bacterium, was identified as the causative agent.
  • The patient received an unconventional treatment regimen.
  • The treatment approach resulted in a successful clinical outcome.

Implications:

  • This case underscores Enterobacter cloacae as an uncommon but significant cause of endocarditis with potentially high mortality.
  • It highlights the importance of considering non-HACEK gram-negative organisms in endocarditis diagnosis.
  • The successful unconventional management suggests alternative therapeutic strategies may be viable for complex cases.