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Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Overview01:03

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NMR-active nuclei have energy levels called 'spin states' that are associated with the orientations of their nuclear magnetic moments. In the absence of a magnetic field, the nuclear magnetic moments are randomly oriented, and the spin states are degenerate. When an external magnetic field is applied, the spin states have only 2 + 1 orientations available to them. A proton with = ½ has two available orientations. Similarly, for a quadrupolar nucleus with a nuclear spin value of one, the...
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Near absolute zero temperatures, in the presence of a magnetic field, the majority of nuclei prefer the lower energy spin-up state to the higher energy spin-down state. As temperatures increase, the energy from thermal collisions distributes the spins more equally between the two states. The Boltzmann distribution equation gives the ratio of the number of spins predicted in the spin −½ (N−) and spin +½ (N+) states.
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In the absence of an external magnetic field, nuclear spin states are degenerate and randomly oriented. When a magnetic field is applied, the spins begin to precess and orient themselves along (lower energy) or against (higher energy) the direction of the field. At equilibrium, a slight excess population of spins exists in the lower energy state. Because the direction of the magnetic field is fixed as the z-axis,  the precessing magnetic moments are randomly oriented around the z-axis.
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A stationary charge creates and interacts with the electric field, while a moving charge creates a magnetic field.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 4, 2025

Scanning SQUID Study of Vortex Manipulation by Local Contact
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Quantum Elliptic Vortex in a Nematic-Spin Bose-Einstein Condensate.

Hiromitsu Takeuchi1

  • 1Department of Physics and Nambu Yoichiro Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Physics (NITEP), Osaka City University, Osaka 558-8585, Japan.

Physical Review Letters
|May 28, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers theoretically discovered a novel elliptic vortex in spin-nematic superfluids. This topological defect arises from axisymmetry breaking in quantized vortices, offering new insights into quantum fluid dynamics.

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Area of Science:

  • Quantum physics
  • Condensed matter physics
  • Superfluidity

Background:

  • Spin-nematic superfluids exhibit complex topological defects.
  • Understanding vortex behavior is crucial for characterizing quantum phases.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To theoretically investigate novel topological defects in spin-nematic superfluids.
  • To analyze the formation and properties of elliptic vortices.

Main Methods:

  • Theoretical analysis of spin-nematic Bose-Einstein condensates.
  • Investigating vortex axisymmetry breaking under specific conditions (Zeeman effect).

Main Results:

  • A novel elliptic vortex, a topological defect, was theoretically identified.
  • The vortex is a Joukowski transform of a conventional vortex, with oblateness dependent on Zeeman length and spin healing length.
  • The structure is maintained by a balance between hydrodynamic potential and soliton elasticity.

Conclusions:

  • The elliptic vortex represents a new class of topological defects in superfluids.
  • The study provides a theoretical framework for observable spin textures and distinguishes vortex types in spin-1 condensates.