Structure-Based Design of Highly Potent Toll-like Receptor 7/8 Dual Agonists for Cancer Immunotherapy

Activation of the toll-like receptors 7 and 8 has emerged as a promising strategy for cancer immunotherapy. Herein, we report the design and synthesis of a series of pyrido[3,2-d]pyrimidine-based toll-like receptor 7/8 dual agonists that exhibited potent and near-equivalent agonistic activities toward TLR7 and TLR8. In vitro, compounds 24e and 25a significantly induced the secretion of IFN-α, IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-12p40, and IP-10 in human peripheral blood mononuclear cell assays. In vivo, compounds 24e, 24m, and 25a significantly suppressed tumor growth in CT26 tumor-bearing mice by remodeling the tumor microenvironment. Additionally, compounds 24e, 24m, and 25a markedly improved the antitumor activity of PD-1/PD-L1 blockade. In particular, compound 24e combined with the anti-PD-L1 antibody led to complete tumor regression. These results demonstrated that TLR7/8 agonists (24e, 24m, and 25a) held great potential as single agents or in combination with PD-1/PD-L1 blockade for cancer immunotherapy.