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Mitochondrial precursors are translocated to the internal subcompartments via independent mechanisms involving distinct protein machineries called translocases.
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Mitochondria are double-membrane organelles of the eukaryotes involved in cellular metabolism, signaling, ATP synthesis, and programmed cell death.  Each of these processes requires specific proteins and enzymes that must be correctly sorted to the right mitochondrial subcompartment for the proper functioning of the organelle.
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Protein Transport into the Inner Mitochondrial Membrane01:34

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Nuclear encoded mitochondrial precursors are imported to the inner membrane in a multistep process involving two separate translocons, TIM22 and TIM23. TIM23 is a cation-selective pore that remains closed by the N terminal segment of the protein. Negative charges on the TIM23 act as a receptor for the incoming precursor, pulling the positively charged matrix-targeting sequence for peptide insertion and translocation.
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Mitochondrial precursors are partially unfolded or loosely folded polypeptide chains. Newly synthesized precursors are inhibited from spontaneously folding into their native conformation by the cytosolic chaperones, heat shock proteins 70 (Hsp70), and mitochondrial import stimulation factors (MSFs). Precursors bound to MSFs are guided to the TOM70-TOM37 receptors, while precursors bound to Hsp70  chaperones are targetted to TOM20-TOM22 receptor complexes.
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Mitocytosis, a migrasome-mediated mitochondrial quality-control process.

Haifeng Jiao1, Dong Jiang1, Xiaoyu Hu1

  • 1State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Tsinghua University-Peking University Joint Centre for Life Sciences, Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.

Cell
|May 28, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Mitocytosis, a new mitochondrial quality control process, removes damaged mitochondria via migrasomes in migrating cells. This mechanism maintains mitochondrial health and cell viability, especially in neutrophils.

Keywords:
migrasomemitochondrial quality controlmitochondrionmitocytosismitosome

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Mitochondrial Biology
  • Quality Control Mechanisms

Background:

  • Maintaining mitochondrial quality is crucial for cellular health.
  • Damaged mitochondria must be efficiently cleared to prevent cellular dysfunction.
  • Existing quality control pathways may not fully address mitochondrial clearance in migrating cells.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify and characterize a novel mitochondrial quality control process.
  • To elucidate the mechanism by which damaged mitochondria are removed from migrating cells.
  • To investigate the physiological relevance of this process in maintaining cellular function and viability.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized cell culture models under mild mitochondrial stress conditions.
  • Investigated the role of migrasomes in the transport and disposal of damaged mitochondria.
  • Analyzed mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and mitochondrial respiration.
  • Conducted in vivo studies using neutrophils to assess physiological relevance.

Main Results:

  • Identified 'mitocytosis' as a migrasome-mediated process for clearing damaged mitochondria.
  • Demonstrated that damaged mitochondria are transported into migrasomes and disposed of from migrating cells.
  • Showed that mitocytosis protects against loss of MMP and mitochondrial respiration under stress.
  • Found that blocking mitocytosis impairs MMP and respiration even under normal conditions.
  • Confirmed the necessity of mitocytosis for maintaining MMP and viability in neutrophils in vivo.

Conclusions:

  • Mitocytosis is a novel and essential mitochondrial quality control mechanism in migrating cells.
  • This process couples mitochondrial homeostasis with cell migration dynamics.
  • Mitocytosis is critical for maintaining cellular energy metabolism and overall cell viability.