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Related Concept Videos

Nucleosome Remodeling02:54

Nucleosome Remodeling

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Nucleosomes are the basic units of chromatin compaction. Each nucleosome consists of the DNA bound tightly around a histone core, which makes the DNA inaccessible to DNA binding proteins such as DNA polymerase and RNA polymerase. Hence, the fundamental problem is to ensure access to DNA when appropriate, despite the compact and protective chromatin structure.
Nucleosome remodeling complex
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The histone proteins in the nucleosomes are post-translationally modified (PTM) to increase or decrease access to DNA. The commonly observed PTMs are methylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination of lysine amino acids in the histone H3 tail region. These histone modifications have specific meaning for the cell. Hence, they are called "histone code". The protein complex involved in histone modification is termed as "reader-writer" complex.
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The Nucleosome02:33

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DNA in a human cell is almost 2m long and it is packed inside a tiny nucleus that is only a few microns in diameter. The level of compaction of DNA inside the nucleus is astonishing. It is organized into several sequentially higher levels of compaction to fit into such a tiny space. The most compact form of DNA is a chromosome that can be seen under a microscope in a dividing cell.
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The Nucleosome01:19

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Human DNA is almost two meters long. However, it is compressed inside a tiny nucleus measuring only a few microns in diameter. To make this degree of compaction possible, DNA is organized into several sequential levels so that it can fit into such a tiny space. The most compact form of DNA is a chromosome that can be seen under a microscope in a dividing cell.
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The process of chromosome duplication during cell division requires genome-wide disruption and re-assembly of chromatin. The chromatin structure must be accurately inherited, reassembled, and maintained in the daughter cells to ensure lineage propagation.
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Assembly of Nucleosomal Arrays from Recombinant Core Histones and Nucleosome Positioning DNA
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Ruler elements in chromatin remodelers set nucleosome array spacing and phasing.

Elisa Oberbeckmann1,2, Vanessa Niebauer3,4, Shinya Watanabe5

  • 1Division of Molecular Biology, Biomedical Center (BMC), Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Martinsried, Germany.

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Chromatin Dynamics
  • Epigenetics

Background:

  • Regularly spaced nucleosome arrays are fundamental to chromatin organization.
  • The mechanisms determining nucleosome spacing and phasing, and the role of ATP-dependent chromatin remodelers, are not fully understood.
  • Phasing is often observed relative to reference sites like active promoters.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how ATP-dependent chromatin remodelers in Saccharomyces cerevisiae generate phased arrays of regularly spaced nucleosomes.
  • To identify the functional elements within remodelers responsible for controlling nucleosome spacing and phasing.

Main Methods:

  • Genome-wide reconstitution experiments were employed.
  • Structure-based mutagenesis was used to identify and modify the 'ruler' element in the INO80 remodeler complex.

Main Results:

  • A functional element, termed the 'ruler', was identified in ATP-dependent remodelers.
  • This 'ruler' element dictates nucleosome spacing and phasing in a remodeler-specific manner.
  • The 'ruler' element in the INO80 complex (Nhp10 and Arp8 modules) was identified and tuned.

Conclusions:

  • A remodeler-specific 'ruler' element regulates nucleosome sliding direction bias based on (epi)genetic information.
  • This mechanism explains how remodeler-mediated nucleosome dynamics establish stable nucleosome positioning relative to various genomic features.