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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 4, 2025

Mass Cytometry Analysis of Systemic and Local Immune Responses in Hepatocellular Carcinoma
08:25

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Published on: April 25, 2025

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Single sample scoring of hepatocellular carcinoma: A study based on data mining.

Dan Zhu1, Zeng-Hong Wu1, Ling Xu1

  • 1Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.

International Journal of Immunopathology and Pharmacology
|May 31, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) research reveals complex immune cell interactions and biomarkers. This study enhances understanding of the tumor microenvironment for improved HCC immunotherapy strategies.

Keywords:
HCCdata mininggene expressionssGSEA

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Immunology
  • Bioinformatics

Background:

  • Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a leading cause of cancer mortality with complex immune system interactions.
  • The tumor microenvironment (TME) significantly influences HCC prognosis and therapeutic response.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the TME and quantify tumor-infiltrating immune cell (TIIC) subgroups in HCC.
  • To identify potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets for HCC immunotherapy.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized single-sample gene set enrichment (ssGSEA) on The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) HCC cohort.
  • Analyzed immune cell infiltration, molecular subpopulations, survival data, and gene expression.
  • Performed Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis.

Main Results:

  • Identified significant differences in 23 human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-related genes across immunity groups.
  • Observed increased expression of PD-L1 and CTLA-4 with higher immune activity.
  • KEGG analysis revealed enrichment in pathways like cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction and proteasome.

Conclusions:

  • ssGSEA provides insights into HCC immune infiltration patterns and TME characteristics.
  • Findings offer valuable information for developing novel HCC immunotherapy approaches.
  • The study advances understanding of immune responses in HCC, supporting future research.