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Related Concept Videos

Bones of the Upper Limb: Ulna01:15

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The ulna and radius are parallel bones of the antebrachium or the forearm. The ulna lies medially and consists of a bony tip called the olecranon process at its proximal end. This hook-like projection articulates with the olecranon fossa of the humerus and forms the "hinged" ulnohumeral part of the elbow joint. This joint facilitates forearm extension and flexion while preventing its hyperextension. Similarly, the coronoid process, another bony projection on the proximal/anterior side...
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The radius is longer of the two bones that make up the human antebrachium or forearm. At the proximal end, the radius articulates with the capitulum of the humerus and the radial notch of the ulna to form the elbow joint. At the distal end, the radius articulates with the ulna via the ulnar notch, forming the distal radioulnar joint. Distally, the radius also attaches to the carpal wrist bones (scaphoid and lunate) to form the radiocarpal joint.
The radius has a nail-shaped head, and a...
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The upper and lower limb initially develops as a small bulge called a limb bud, which appears on the lateral side of the early embryo. The upper limb bud appears near the end of the fourth week of development, with the lower limb bud appearing shortly after.
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Bones of the Lower Limb: Femur and Patella01:16

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The femur is the body's longest and strongest bone spanning the thigh region. Its head articulates with the acetabulum of the hip bone to form the hip joint. A minor indentation on the medial side of the femoral head, called the fovea capitis, serves as the site of attachment for the ligament of the head of the femur. This weak ligament spans the femur and acetabulum and supports the hip joint. The narrowed region below the head is the neck of the femur. The inclination angle between the...
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Classification of Bones01:18

Classification of Bones

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The bones of the human skeletal system are of varied shapes, sizes, and functions. They can be classified based on their shape and function into four major classes: long bones, short bones, flat bones, and irregular bones. Some classifications include a fifth type, the sesamoid bones, as a separate class, whereas others categorize them under short bones.
Long and Short Bones
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Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus01:19

Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus

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The upper limb consists of the arm, forearm, wrist, and hand bones. The humerus is the single bone of the upper arm region. Proximally, it has a large, spherical, smooth head that articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula to form the glenohumeral or shoulder joint. The margin of the head is the anatomical neck, a residual epiphyseal plate. Laterally it extends to form bony projections called the greater tubercle and the lesser tubercle. Next to the tubercles is the surgical neck, a...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 4, 2025

Three-Dimensional Preoperative Virtual Planning in Derotational Proximal Femoral Osteotomy
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Malrotation of Long Bones.

Matthew Sullivan1, Kelsey Bonilla2, Derek Donegan3

  • 1SUNY Upstate, 6620 Fly Road, Suite 200, East Syracuse, NY 13057, USA.

The Orthopedic Clinics of North America
|May 31, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Rotational malreduction, a frequent complication after intramedullary nailing for long bone fractures, can often be prevented with careful surgical planning and imaging. This review covers its prevention, assessment, and correction techniques.

Keywords:
Femoral fracturesIntramedullary fixationIntramedullary nailMalrotationOsteotomyPostoperative complicationTibial fractures

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Area of Science:

  • Orthopedic Surgery
  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Radiology

Background:

  • Intramedullary nailing is a standard procedure for long bone fractures.
  • Rotational malreduction is an underreported postoperative complication.
  • Accurate rotational alignment is crucial for optimal limb function.

Observation:

  • Rotational malreduction can occur despite careful surgical technique.
  • Clinical examination is often insufficient for detecting rotational malalignment.
  • Intraoperative fluoroscopy and preoperative planning are key preventive measures.

Findings:

  • The authors review literature on rotational malreduction following intramedullary nailing.
  • Three cases of femoral and tibial malrotation are presented.
  • Methods for calculating femoral version and tibial torsion are discussed.

Implications:

  • Increased awareness and understanding of rotational malreduction are needed.
  • Improved surgical planning and intraoperative assessment can minimize this complication.
  • Effective correction techniques exist for managing rotational deformities.