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Non-Peptidic Small Molecule Components from Cone Snail Venoms.

Zhenjian Lin1, Joshua P Torres1, Maren Watkins1

  • 1Departments of Medicinal Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States.

Frontiers in Pharmacology
|May 31, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Cone snail venoms contain bioactive small molecules beyond peptides, contributing to prey capture and offering potential for new neurological disease treatments. This discovery expands the known chemical diversity of these marine invertebrates.

Keywords:
conopeptidesconusgastropodnatural productsnicotinic acetylcholine receptorprey capturesecondary metabolitesvenom

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Area of Science:

  • Marine Biology
  • Biochemistry
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Cone snails (Superfamily Conoidea) are diverse marine molluscs with over 15,000 species.
  • Their venoms were previously thought to primarily contain small, structured peptides (conotoxins/conopeptides) with disulfide crosslinks.
  • These peptides have been extensively studied for pharmaceutical applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the recent discovery and significance of non-peptidic small molecules in cone snail venoms.
  • To highlight the role of these small molecules in prey capture and their potential pharmacological value.
  • To emphasize the expansion of molecular diversity in cone snail venoms beyond peptides.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on cone snail venom composition.
  • Focus on the characterization of non-peptidic bioactive components, starting with genuanine.
  • Examination of specific cone snail clades, such as *Stephanoconus*, known to prey on polychaetes.

Main Results:

  • Cone snail venoms contain significant bioactive non-peptidic small molecule components.
  • Guananine and other novel small molecules have been identified, particularly in basal clades like *Stephanoconus*.
  • These small molecules contribute to prey capture, challenging the peptide-centric view, and are active on neurons.

Conclusions:

  • Cone snail venoms possess a broader chemical diversity than previously recognized, including potent small molecules.
  • These non-peptidic venom components represent a new source of natural products with potential therapeutic applications for neuronal diseases.
  • Further research into these small molecules could yield novel pharmacological agents, similar to the impact of conotoxins.