Growth Mechanisms of Nano-to Micro-Sized Lead Sulfate Particles

PbSO₄ is a key component in the charging and discharging of lead acid batteries-such as the cycling of automotive batteries. PbSO₄ is a poor conductor that forms on the positive and negative electrodes during discharging and dissolves during charging of a lead acid battery. Over time, buildup of PbSO₄ occurs on the electrodes, ultimately reducing the efficiency of the battery. This study aims to determine the nucleation and growth mechanisms of PbSO₄ nanoparticles in various solutions to potentially reduce or control the buildup of PbSO₄ on battery electrodes over time. The time dependency of particle morphology was observed using various reaction conditions. PbSO₄ particles were created using premixed solutions at various times of reaction. H₂O, acetone, methanol, ethanol, and isopropanol were used to stop the reaction and development of the PbSO₄ particles. The structure of the nanoparticles was characterized via transmission electron microscopy, high-angle annular dark field scanning transmission electron microscopy, and selected area electron diffraction. This study provides insight into the mechanism by which PbSO₄ nanoparticles form in various solutions and reveals that the degree of complexity of the solution plays a large role in the nucleation and growth of the PbSO₄ nanoparticles. This insight can provide avenues to reduce unwanted buildup of PbSO₄ on battery electrodes over time, which can extend battery life and performance.