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Invasive species in the Anthropocene: Help or hindrance?

Paul J McInerney1, Tanya M Doody2, Chris D Davey3

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Summary

Invasive willows can offer surprising benefits, creating cool thermal refugia for native freshwater species threatened by climate warming. A new approach to managing these plants prioritizes ecosystem health in a changing world.

Keywords:
Ecosystem engineersEctothermsRefugiaShadingThermal maximaWillows

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Area of Science:

  • Ecology
  • Climate Change Biology
  • Invasive Species Management

Background:

  • Rising global temperatures pose physiological challenges to ectothermic freshwater species.
  • Invasive willows (Salix spp.) in the Southern Hemisphere are criticized for high water use and ecosystem alteration.
  • Current management focuses on willow removal, often overlooking potential ecosystem services.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the potential ecosystem services of invasive willows under climate warming.
  • To illustrate how willow shading can provide thermal refugia for temperature-sensitive endemic taxa.
  • To propose a holistic approach to invasive species management considering climate change adaptation.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a case study approach to examine willow impacts in riparian ecosystems.
  • Assessed the role of willow-derived shade in creating thermal refugia for aquatic species.
  • Developed a decision matrix for prioritizing invasive species removal activities.

Main Results:

  • Non-native willows can provide crucial thermal refugia, mitigating the impacts of extreme heat on endemic freshwater species.
  • Shading by willows limits light penetration but offers a vital cooling effect in warming streams.
  • A nuanced management strategy, rather than outright removal, may benefit aquatic ecosystems.

Conclusions:

  • Invasive willows may offer ecosystem services, specifically thermal regulation, under climate change.
  • A holistic, climate-informed approach to invasive species management is necessary for ecosystem resilience.
  • The proposed decision matrix can aid environmental managers in prioritizing interventions for rapidly changing ecosystems.