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Updated: Nov 3, 2025
Enhancing the Development and Growth of Infant Cerebral Palsy Rats Using Selective Spinal Manipulations
Published on: February 2, 2024
Fetal development and growth of the human erector spinae with special reference to attachments on the surface
Tatsuo Sato1, Ji Hyun Kim2, Kwang Ho Cho3
1Emeritus Professor of Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.
Purpose:
The longissimus (LO) and iliocostalis (IC) of adults consist of myofibers extending from the superolateral to the inferomedial side of the back and, because of the same course, they are fused in the thoracolumbar region. The LO also has a medial attachment to the long myofibers of the transversospinalis (TS) showing a course from the superomedial to the inferolateral side. However, there is apparently no information regarding when and how these similar longitudinal muscles differentiate from a cluster of dorsomedial myotome cells.
Methods:
We examined sagittal and horizontal sections of the trunks of 39 human embryos and fetuses (18-330 mm crown-rump length).
Results:
At 6-7 weeks gestational age (GA), the surface aponeurosis appeared prior to and independent of the thoracolumbar fascia. At 6-9 weeks GA, the LO myofibers had a postero-inferior course, from the transverse process to the initial aponeurosis, whereas the TS myofibers had a postero-superior course, from a lateral extension of the intertransverse ligament to the aponeurosis. However, the IC consisted of supracostal longitudinal myofibers and was distant from the LO until 12 weeks GA. Because of the lack of ligamentous attachments and ribs, myofibers of the TS, LO, and IC took a similar inferior course in the lumbar region. When the early TS was represented by the transverso-aponeurotic muscle, consequently, the LO corresponded to the aponeuro-transversal muscle and was independent from the IC.
Conclusion:
The classical model of TS and LO development does not recognize the essential role of the aponeurosis identified here.
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