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The Nitrogen Cycle01:49

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Nitrogen atoms, present in all proteins and DNA, are recycled between abiotic and biotic components of the ecosystem. However, the primary form of nitrogen on Earth is nitrogen gas, which cannot be used by most animals and plants. Thus, nitrogen gas must first be converted into a usable form by nitrogen-fixing bacteria before it can be cycled through other living organisms. The use of nitrogen-containing fertilizers and animal waste products in human agriculture has greatly influenced the...
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Nitrogen is an essential element in biological systems, forming a crucial component of proteins, nucleic acids, and other cellular constituents. Many bacteria and archaea acquire nitrogen in the form of nitrate (NO₃⁻) or ammonia (NH₃), which are then assimilated into biomolecules through specific enzymatic pathways.Assimilatory Nitrate ReductionWhen nitrate enters the cell, it undergoes a two-step reduction process known as assimilatory nitrate reduction. Initially, the enzyme...
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Overview of Nitrogen Metabolism01:20

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Nitrogen is a very important element for life because it is a major constituent of proteins and nucleic acids. It is a macronutrient, and in nature, it is recycled from organic compounds and stored in the form of  ammonia, ammonium ions, nitrate, nitrite, or  nitrogen gas by many metabolic processes. Many of these metabolic processes are carried out only by prokaryotes.
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Like all living organisms, plants require organic and inorganic nutrients to survive, reproduce, grow and maintain homeostasis. To identify nutrients that are essential for plant functioning, researchers have leveraged a technique called hydroponics. In hydroponic culture systems, plants are grown—without soil—in water-based solutions containing nutrients. At least 17 nutrients have been identified as essential elements required by plants. Plants acquire these elements from the...
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Design Example: Design of an Irrigation Channel01:27

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Trapezoidal channels are widely used in irrigation systems due to their cost-effectiveness and efficiency in conveying water. Trapezoidal channels feature a flat bottom and sloping sides, making them stable and easier to construct compared to other shapes. The bottom width and side slope ratio are determined based on the required flow capacity and site conditions. The side slope is kept gentle for unlined channels to prevent soil erosion.Hydraulic parameters in channel design include the flow...
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Plants obtain inorganic minerals and water from the soil, which acts as a natural medium for land plants. The composition and quality of soil depend not only on the chemical constituents but also on the presence of living organisms. In general, soils contain three major components:
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Updated: Nov 3, 2025

Understanding Dissolved Organic Matter Biogeochemistry Through In Situ Nutrient Manipulations in Stream Ecosystems
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Context is Everything: Interacting Inputs and Landscape Characteristics Control Stream Nitrogen.

Jiajia Lin1,2, Jana E Compton1, Ryan A Hill1

  • 1Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Pacific Ecological Systems Division, US EPA, Office of Research and Development, Corvallis, Oregon 97333, United States.

Environmental Science & Technology
|June 1, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Watershed nitrogen inputs significantly impact stream nitrogen levels across the US. High nitrogen inputs can lead to increased nitrate concentrations, affecting aquatic ecosystems and indicating potential groundwater contamination.

Keywords:
N concentrationN inventoryN speciesconterminous USmachine learningnutrientrandom forestspatial variationwater quality

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Science
  • Ecology
  • Hydrology

Background:

  • Stream nitrogen (N) concentrations are influenced by complex environmental and anthropogenic factors.
  • Understanding these drivers is crucial for managing aquatic ecosystem health and water quality.
  • Previous studies have highlighted the role of nitrogen inputs but lacked comprehensive national-scale analyses.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify and quantify the environmental and anthropogenic drivers of stream nitrogen concentrations nationwide.
  • To investigate the relationship between nitrogen inputs, sources, and the forms of nitrogen in streams.
  • To develop predictive models for stream nitrogen concentrations based on watershed characteristics.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized summer low-flow data from 4997 streams across the conterminous US (2000-2014).
  • Integrated watershed information with US EPA's National Rivers and Streams Assessment data.
  • Employed random forest models incorporating nitrogen inputs, climatic, and landscape factors.

Main Results:

  • Watershed nitrogen inputs explained 51% of the variation in stream total nitrogen (TN).
  • Nitrate (NO3) concentrations increased with nitrogen inputs, suggesting nitrogen saturation.
  • Models explained 70% (TN), 58% (dissolved inorganic N), and 60% (total organic N) of spatial variation.

Conclusions:

  • Nitrogen inputs are a primary driver of stream nitrogen concentrations and forms.
  • Nitrogen saturation enhances nitrate export to aquatic ecosystems.
  • High nitrogen input watersheds may receive contributions from groundwater and benefit from wetland mitigation.