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Related Concept Videos

Exercise and Muscle Performance01:27

Exercise and Muscle Performance

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Exercise induces a range of adaptations in muscle tissue, depending on the type and duration of activity. Such physical training can be broadly categorized into two types: endurance exercises and resistance exercises.
Endurance exercises
Endurance exercises involve running, swimming, or cycling, which require repetitive movements with low force output. When a person engages in endurance exercise, a few noticeable changes occur in their skeletal muscles. For instance, the number of capillaries...
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Muscles of the Abdomen01:21

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The abdominal wall encircles the abdominal cavity, providing flexible protection and shielding the internal organs from harm. It is bordered at the top by the xiphoid process and costal margins, at the back by the vertebral column, and at the bottom by the pelvic bones and inguinal ligament. The abdominal wall is divided into two regions — the anterolateral and posterior regions.
Anterolateral Region
The anterolateral region comprises five paired muscles classified into the lateral and...
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Muscles of the Pelvic Floor and Perineum01:26

Muscles of the Pelvic Floor and Perineum

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The muscles of the pelvic floor and perineum are crucial for supporting the pelvic organs, controlling continence, and aiding in sexual function, childbirth, and core stability. They are typically divided into the superficial perineal layer and the deep pelvic floor layer.
Perineal Layer
The perineum is a diamond-shaped area below the pelvic diaphragm, divided into an anterior urogenital triangle that contains the external genitals and a posterior anal triangle housing the anus. The urogenital...
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Axial and Appendicular Muscles01:18

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Skeletal muscles, the key players in our body's movement, can be classified into two groups based on their location and function: axial muscles and appendicular muscles. These classifications reflect the primary roles the muscles play in the body's structure and movement.
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Axial muscles, situated along the body's midline, are intricately connected to the axial skeleton, which includes the skull, spine, ribs, and sternum. These muscles facilitate facial expressions and...
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Exercise Stress Test01:26

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Introduction
Exercise stress testing, commonly known as a treadmill test, is a noninvasive procedure used to evaluate cardiovascular function and diagnose heart conditions.
Definition
An exercise stress test measures the heart's response to exertion using a treadmill or stationary bicycle. Chest electrodes record the heart's electrical activity through an ECG, and blood pressure is monitored regularly.
Purposes
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Muscles of the Thorax01:25

Muscles of the Thorax

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The thorax muscles are central to the body's respiration and provide essential support and movement for the upper body. They are intricately designed to facilitate the complex breathing process while also contributing to the structural integrity and mobility of the chest and upper limbs.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 3, 2025

Muscle Function Obtained with Motion Mode Ultrasound and Surface Electromyography during Core Endurance Exercise
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Muscle Function Obtained with Motion Mode Ultrasound and Surface Electromyography during Core Endurance Exercise

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Hip and Core Muscle Activation During High-Load Core Stabilization Exercises.

Zohre Khosrokiani1, Amir Letafatkar1, Bahram Sheikhi1

  • 1Department of Biomechanics and Sports Injuries, Faculty of Physical Education and Sports sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Republic of Iran.

Sports Health
|June 1, 2021
PubMed
Summary

High-load lumbar stabilization exercises like the back bridge effectively activate local and global muscles. Side bridges and back bridges are recommended for strengthening the multifidus and gluteal muscles, respectively.

Keywords:
core stabilization exercisegluteal-to-tensor fascia latae activation (GTA) indexhealthy individuallocal/global (L/G) ratio

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Area of Science:

  • Biomechanics and Exercise Physiology
  • Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation
  • Human Movement Science

Background:

  • Lumbar stabilization exercises are crucial for recruiting local and global muscles.
  • Optimizing activation of key muscles like gluteus maximus (GMax), gluteus medius (GMed), multifidus (MF), and transversus abdominis (TrA) is a therapeutic goal.
  • Minimizing activation of tensor fascia latae (TFL) and erector spinae (ES) is desirable for targeted strengthening.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To quantify muscle activation patterns during various lumbar stabilization exercises.
  • To determine the gluteal-to-TFL muscle activation (GTA) index and local to global (L/G) lumbar muscle ratio.
  • To identify exercises that optimize activation of target stabilizing muscles in healthy individuals.

Main Methods:

  • Cross-sectional study involving 40 healthy adults (20 men, 20 women).
  • Surface electromyography (EMG) recorded from GMax, GMed, TFL, TrA, MF, and ES muscles.
  • EMG data analyzed during nine different exercises, including back bridge and side bridge variations.

Main Results:

  • The back bridge with a non-dominant leg lift yielded the highest L/G muscle activity ratio (3.35).
  • The side bridge with a dominant leg lift (GTA = 63.78) and hand-knee exercise (GTA = 49.62) showed the highest GTA indices.
  • GMax activation was significantly lower than TFL activation during several exercises, including elbow-toe and back bridge variations.

Conclusions:

  • Back bridge exercises, particularly with a leg lift, are effective for strengthening the multifidus (MF).
  • Side bridge exercises are beneficial for enhancing gluteal muscle activation.
  • The findings support the targeted use of specific lumbar stabilization exercises for muscle strengthening and activation.