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Related Concept Videos

Viral Structure00:56

Viral Structure

69.1K
Viruses are extraordinarily diverse in shape and size, but they all have several structural features in common. All viruses have a core that contains a DNA- or RNA-based genome. The core is surrounded by a protective coat of proteins called the capsid. The capsid is composed of subunits called capsomeres. The capsid and genome-containing core are together known as the nucleocapsid.
69.1K
Size and Structure of Viral Genomes01:26

Size and Structure of Viral Genomes

312
Viral genomes exhibit remarkable diversity in size, structure, and composition, influencing their replication strategies and interactions with host cells. These genomes consist of either DNA or RNA and may be linear or circular. Additionally, they can be single-stranded or double-stranded, with each configuration affecting how the virus propagates within a host. RNA viruses, for instance, generally have smaller genomes than DNA viruses, a factor that contributes to their high mutation rates and...
312
Introduction to Virus01:28

Introduction to Virus

559
Viruses are unique biological entities that blur the boundary between living and non-living systems. Although they lack cellular structure and metabolic processes, they can exhibit characteristics of life when infecting a host. Their defining feature is a nucleic acid core, composed of either DNA or RNA, encapsulated within a protein coat called a capsid. This simple structure allows them to invade host cells and use their machinery for replication efficiently.Viral Structure and...
559
Viruses of Archaea01:29

Viruses of Archaea

215
Archaeal viruses play a crucial role in the ecosystems of extremophilic archaea, particularly those belonging to the phyla Euryarchaeota and Crenarchaeota. By shaping host evolution and facilitating gene transfer, these viruses influence microbial communities and contribute to genetic diversity in extreme environments. The archaea they infect thrive in acidic hot springs and hydrothermal vents characterized by high temperatures and low pH. Archaeal viruses exhibit remarkable structural...
215
Protein Complex Assembly02:41

Protein Complex Assembly

14.6K
Proteins can form homomeric complexes with another unit of the same protein or heteromeric complexes with different types.  Most protein complexes self-assemble spontaneously via ordered pathways, while some proteins need assembly factors that guide their proper assembly. Despite the crowded intracellular environment, proteins usually interact with their correct partners and form functional complexes.
Many viruses self-assemble into a fully functional unit using the infected host cell to...
14.6K
Leaky Scanning02:28

Leaky Scanning

5.3K
During most eukaryotic translation processes, the small 40S ribosome subunit scans an mRNA from its 5' end until it encounters the first start AUG codon. The large 60S ribosomal subunit then joins the smaller one to initiate protein synthesis. The location of the translation initiation is largely determined by the nucleotides near the start codon as there may be multiple translation initiation sites present on the mRNA.  Marilyn Kozak discovered that the sequence RCCAUGG (where R...
5.3K

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 3, 2025

Structure of HIV-1 Capsid Assemblies by Cryo-electron Microscopy and Iterative Helical Real-space Reconstruction
12:38

Structure of HIV-1 Capsid Assemblies by Cryo-electron Microscopy and Iterative Helical Real-space Reconstruction

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Structural Insights into the Human Astrovirus Capsid.

Matthew Ykema1, Yizhi J Tao1

  • 1Department of BioSciences, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA.

Viruses
|June 2, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Astroviruses (AstVs) utilize host proteases for cell entry and exit. Understanding AstV capsid structure and maturation is key for developing new vaccines and therapeutics.

Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Structural Biology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Astroviruses (AstVs) are RNA viruses causing inflammatory diseases in various hosts.
  • Their unique T=3 capsid relies on host proteases for infection, egress, and entry.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent findings on Astrovirus capsid structure and function.
  • To highlight the role of protease cleavage sites and spike proteins.

Main Methods:

  • High-resolution modeling of the Astrovirus capsid core.
  • Analysis of viral capsid structural changes during maturation.
  • Review of existing literature on Astrovirus-host interactions.

Main Results:

  • Capsid core features a large region with numerous protease cleavage sites.
Keywords:
astroviruscapsidcrystallographystructurevirus maturation

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Structure of HIV-1 Capsid Assemblies by Cryo-electron Microscopy and Iterative Helical Real-space Reconstruction
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  • Spike proteins mediate cell binding and are targets for neutralizing antibodies.
  • Capsid undergoes significant structural changes, including spike loss, during maturation.

    • Conclusions:

    • Host protease activity is crucial for Astrovirus replication and spread.
    • Understanding capsid structure-function relationships can inform vaccine and therapeutic development.
    • Further research may lead to novel antiviral strategies and viral engineering applications.