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Related Concept Videos

Phase II Conjugation Reactions: Overview01:14

Phase II Conjugation Reactions: Overview

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Conjugation, a key component of phase II biotransformation reactions, is a vital process in drug detoxification. It involves transferring endogenous substances like glucuronic acid, sulfate, and glycine to drugs or their metabolites formed in phase I reactions. These conjugation reactions, often catalyzed by specific enzymes, transform potentially harmful metabolites into inactive, water-soluble forms easily excreted in urine or bile. By enhancing polarity and eliminating pharmacological...
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Antibody Structure01:10

Antibody Structure

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Overview
Antibodies, also known as immunoglobulins (Ig), are essential players of the adaptive immune system. These antigen-binding proteins are produced by B cells and make up 20 percent of the total blood plasma by weight. In mammals, antibodies fall into five different classes, which each elicits a different biological response upon antigen binding.
The Y-Shaped Structure of Antibodies Consists of Four Polypeptide Chains
Antibodies consist of four polypeptide chains: two identical heavy...
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Antibody Actions01:26

Antibody Actions

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Antibodies, or immunoglobulins, are critical players in the immune system's arsenal against invading pathogens. Produced by B cells and plasma cells, their primary role is to detect and bind to specific antigens, molecules found on the surface of pathogens like bacteria or viruses. Beyond antigen recognition, antibodies perform several vital functions that contribute to immune defense.
Neutralization
Antibodies can bind to pathogens, preventing them from infecting host cells. This process...
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Antibody Structure and Classes01:25

Antibody Structure and Classes

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Antibodies, also known as immunoglobulins, are produced by B cells in response to foreign substances, such as bacteria and viruses. These proteins are critical for recognizing and neutralizing these substances, protecting the body from potential harm.
The basic structure of an antibody consists of four protein chains: two identical heavy chains and two identical light chains. These chains are held together by disulfide bonds and other non-covalent interactions, forming a Y-shaped structure.
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Drug Metabolism: Phase II Reactions01:14

Drug Metabolism: Phase II Reactions

4.5K
Phase II reactions are essential for the detoxification and elimination of drugs from the body. These reactions involve the conjugation of parent drugs or their phase I metabolites with endogenous molecules, resulting in more hydrophilic drug conjugates. The primary conjugation reactions in this phase are sulfation and glucuronidation. Both sulfation and glucuronidation typically produce biologically inactive metabolites. However, in some cases involving prodrugs, active metabolites may be...
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Conjugated Proteins02:50

Conjugated Proteins

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Simple proteins and protein complexes contain only amino acids. In contrast, many other proteins, called conjugated proteins, covalently bond with non-protein moieties.
Nucleoproteins are protein complexes that contain nucleic acids, categorized as deoxyribonucleoproteins (DNPs) or ribonucleoproteins (RNPs) respectively. The nucleosome is a typical example of a DNP where nuclear DNA is associated with histone proteins. The major antigen for the Covid-19 virus SARS-CoV is an RNP that is critical...
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Genetic Encoding of a Non-Canonical Amino Acid for the Generation of Antibody-Drug Conjugates Through a Fast Bioorthogonal Reaction
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Antibody-Drug Conjugates-A Tutorial Review.

Stephanie Baah1, Mark Laws1, Khondaker Miraz Rahman1

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Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are advanced cancer therapies. This review details ADC components, approved drugs, and future research directions for targeted oncology treatments.

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Targeted Antibody Blocking by a Dual-Functional Conjugate of Antigenic Peptide and Fc-III Mimetics DCAF
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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Pharmacology
  • Biotechnology

Background:

  • Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) represent a significant advancement in targeted cancer therapy.
  • The field is rapidly expanding, with numerous ADCs in clinical trials and several approved by regulatory bodies like the FDA.
  • ADCs offer improved cancer cell targeting and reduced side effects compared to traditional treatments.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive reference for Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs).
  • To elucidate the individual components of ADCs: monoclonal antibodies, linker moieties, and cytotoxic payloads.
  • To highlight approved ADCs through case studies and discuss future research perspectives.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature and regulatory approvals for ADCs.
  • Detailed analysis of the structural components of ADCs.
  • Case study analysis of selected FDA- and EMA-approved ADCs.

Main Results:

  • Eleven ADCs are approved by the FDA, with nine using small-molecule payloads and two using biological toxins.
  • ADCs demonstrate enhanced efficacy in targeting cancer cells while minimizing systemic toxicity.
  • The review provides a structured understanding of ADC technology.

Conclusions:

  • ADCs are a promising therapeutic class in oncology due to their targeted nature and improved safety profile.
  • Understanding the distinct components of ADCs is crucial for further development and application.
  • Continued research in ADC technology holds significant potential for advancing cancer treatment.