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Renal calculi, or kidney stones, are solid deposits of minerals and salts formed inside the kidneys. In medical terminology, "calculus" refers to the stone itself, while "lithiasis" describes the process of stone formation. Depending on their location within the urinary system, these stones may be classified as either urolithiasis, when situated within the urinary tract, or nephrolithiasis, when located within the kidneys. Each term signifies the specific impact of the stone.Predisposition...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 3, 2025

Ultrasound Assessment of Endothelial Function: A Technical Guideline of the Flow-mediated Dilation Test
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Urolithiasis Develops Endothelial Dysfunction as a Clinical Feature.

Javier Sáenz-Medina1,2, María Martinez3, Silvia Rosado4

  • 1Department of Urology, Puerta de Hierro-Majadahonda University Hospital, 28222 Majadahonda, Spain.

Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland)
|June 2, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Patients with urolithiasis exhibit endothelial dysfunction, a precursor to cardiovascular disease. This study found no significant association between common serum markers and this vascular impairment in kidney stone patients.

Keywords:
endothelial dysfunctionoxidative stressurolithiasis

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiovascular Medicine
  • Nephrology
  • Vascular Biology

Background:

  • Urolithiasis (kidney stones) is linked to increased cardiovascular risk.
  • Endothelial dysfunction (ED) is an early stage of atherosclerosis and has been observed in animal models of urolithiasis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess endothelial vascular function in patients with urolithiasis.
  • To investigate the relationship between endothelial function and markers of systemic inflammation, oxidative stress, and vascular function in these patients.

Main Methods:

  • A cross-sectional study compared 27 urolithiasis patients with 27 healthy controls.
  • Endothelial function was measured using flow-mediated dilation (FMD).
  • Serum levels of C-reactive protein (CRP), IL-6, malondialdehyde (MDA), asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA), and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) were analyzed.

Main Results:

  • Urolithiasis patients showed significantly lower FMD compared to controls (p < 0.001).
  • No significant differences in serum CRP, IL-6, MDA, ADMA, or VCAM-1 were found between groups.
  • No significant correlations were observed between FMD and the measured serum markers, though trends suggested potential links with MDA, VCAM-1, and IL-6.

Conclusions:

  • Endothelial dysfunction is a significant disorder associated with urolithiasis and may predict future cardiovascular events.
  • This study did not establish a significant link between common inflammatory, oxidative stress, or endothelial serum markers and flow-mediated dilation in urolithiasis patients.