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Related Concept Videos

Design Example: Strain Gauge Bridge or Wheatstone Bridge01:15

Design Example: Strain Gauge Bridge or Wheatstone Bridge

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The utilization of strain gauges as transducers for converting mechanical strain into electrical signals is a common practice in various engineering applications. These strain gauges are frequently integrated into Wheatstone bridge circuits to accurately measure parameters such as force or pressure. Within this context, each element within the circuit exhibits a resistance that undergoes subtle variations when subjected to mechanical strain. The primary objective is to convert minuscule...
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Normal Strain under Axial Loading01:20

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Normal strain under axial loading is an important concept in the field of mechanics of materials. Axial loading implies the application of a force along the axis of a material, like a column or bar. This force can either compress or stretch the material. In the context of axial loading, normal strain is the deformation experienced by the material in the direction of the loading force. It's calculated as the change in length divided by the original length of the material. This unitless ratio...
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Strain quantifies the deformation of a material under force, typically measured as normal strain, which represents the change in length when compared with the original length. Electrical strain gauges are used for enhanced accuracy. These devices consist of a conductive wire mounted on a paper backing that adheres to the material's surface. These gauges operate on the piezoresistive effect, where the wire's electrical resistance changes in response to mechanical deformation. The strain...
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The quantity that describes the deformation of a body under stress is known as strain. Strain is given as a fractional change in either length, volume, or geometry under tensile, volume (also known as bulk), or shear stress, respectively, and is a dimensionless quantity. The strain experienced by a body under tensile or compressive stress is called tensile or compressive strain, respectively. In contrast, the strain experienced under bulk stress and shear stress is known as volume and shear...
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A stress-strain diagram is a crucial tool that graphically displays a material's mechanical characteristics. This diagram is derived from a tensile test performed on a carefully prepared cylindrical specimen. The specimen has two gauge marks inscribed on its central part, and the distance between these marks is known as the gauge length. The cylindrical specimen is placed in a testing machine, which applies an increasing centric load. As this load grows, so does the gauge length. This...
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Updated: Nov 3, 2025

Production of a Strain-Measuring Device with an Improved 3D Printer
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3D-Printed Load Cell Using Nanocarbon Composite Strain Sensor.

Kwan-Young Joung1,2, Sung-Yong Kim3, Inpil Kang3

  • 1Department of Electronic Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
|June 2, 2021
PubMed
Summary

A novel 3D-printed load cell (PLC) using nanocarbon composite strain sensors (NCSS) was developed. This 3D PLC offers a promising, low-cost solution for the OEM/design-in load cell market.

Keywords:
3D printingcarbon nanotubeload cellpiezoresistivitystrain sensor

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Mechanical Engineering
  • Sensor Technology

Background:

  • Traditional load cells can be expensive and complex to manufacture.
  • There is a growing demand for miniaturized and cost-effective sensing solutions.
  • 3D printing offers a versatile platform for custom sensor fabrication.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and evaluate a miniature 3D-printed load cell (PLC) using a nanocarbon composite strain sensor (NCSS).
  • To assess the performance characteristics of the fabricated 3D PLC.
  • To explore the potential of 3D printing for novel sensor development.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of a miniature PLC using a low-cost LCD-based 3D printer and UV resin.
  • Integration of a nanocarbon composite strain sensor (NCSS) composed of 0.5 wt% MWCNT/epoxy into the PLC flexure.
  • Evaluation of PLC performance, including output sensitivity, non-linearity, repeatability, hysteresis, creep, and creep recovery.

Main Results:

  • The 3D PLC achieved an output sensitivity of 2 mV/V.
  • Performance metrics after calibration: non-linearity (2.12%), repeatability (1.60%), and hysteresis (4.42%).
  • Creep and creep recovery were measured at 1.68% (%FS) and 4.16% (%FS), respectively, with noted inferiorities attributed to polymer hyper-elasticity.

Conclusions:

  • The developed 3D-printed load cell (PLC) demonstrates promising performance characteristics.
  • The technology presents a viable, low-cost alternative for the OEM/design-in load cell market.
  • This work paves the way for novel 3D-printed sensors with tailored functionalities.