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Related Concept Videos

Autophagy01:27

Autophagy

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Autophagy is a self-digesting process by which a cell protects itself from threats both within and outside the cell, ranging from abnormal proteins to invading bacteria. In this process, obsolete components of the cell and invading microbes are degraded by hydrolytic enzymes active in an acidic environment of the lysosomal lumen.
An autophagic pathway consists of a series of signaling events activated in response to diverse stress and physiological conditions such as food deprivation,...
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mTOR Signaling and Cancer Progression03:03

mTOR Signaling and Cancer Progression

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The mammalian target of rapamycin or mTOR protein was discovered in 1994 due to its direct interaction with rapamycin. The protein gets its name from a yeast homolog called TOR. The mTOR protein complex in mammalian cells plays a major role in balancing anabolic processes such as the synthesis of proteins, lipids, and nucleotides and catabolic processes, such as autophagy in response to environmental cues, such as availability of nutrients and growth factors.
The mTOR pathway or the...
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Targeted Cancer Therapies02:57

Targeted Cancer Therapies

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The targeted cancer therapies, also known as “molecular targeted therapies,” take advantage of the molecular and genetic differences between the cancer cells and the normal cells. It needs a thorough understanding of the cancer cells to develop drugs that can target specific molecular aspects that drive the growth, progression, and spread of cancer cells without affecting the growth and survival of other normal cells in the body.
There are several types of targeted therapies against...
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Drugs that Stabilize Microtubules01:15

Drugs that Stabilize Microtubules

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Microtubules are dynamic structures that undergo cycles of catastrophe and rescue. The microtubules play a central role in cell division by forming the spindle apparatus for segregating the chromosomes. This makes them ideal targets for regulating dividing cells in tumors and malignant cancer cells. Microtubule stabilizing drugs help stabilize the microtubule formation and promote its polymerization. Paclitaxel was the first microtubule stabilizing agent used as anticancer drug in chemotherapy...
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Delivery Pathways to the Lysosome01:36

Delivery Pathways to the Lysosome

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Eukaryotic cells use different mechanisms to eliminate toxic waste obsolete and worn-out substances. Lysosomes play a pivotal role in this, and hence, these substances are carried to the lysosome from other parts of the cell and extracellular space through different pathways. The most elaborately studied pathways to the lysosome are the endocytic pathways.
Endocytosis
In endocytosis, the cell membrane takes up macromolecules and particles from the surrounding medium. Clathrin-mediated...
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Inhibition of Cdk Activity02:34

Inhibition of Cdk Activity

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The orderly progression of the cell cycle depends on the activation of Cdk protein by binding to its cyclin partner. However, the cell cycle must be restricted when undergoing abnormal changes. Most cancers correlate to the deregulated cell cycle, and since Cdks are a central component of the cell cycle, Cdk inhibitors are extensively studied to develop anticancer agents. For instance, cyclin D associates with several Cdks, such as Cdk 4/6, to form an active complex. The cyclin D-Cdk4/6 complex...
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Exploring the Regulation of Lipid Droplet Catabolism through Lipophagy
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Autophagy Modulators in Cancer Therapy.

Kamila Buzun1, Agnieszka Gornowicz1, Roman Lesyk2

  • 1Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-089 Bialystok, Poland.

International Journal of Molecular Sciences
|June 2, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Autophagy, a cellular self-degradation process, is crucial for removing damaged components and can aid cell survival under stress. This review highlights recent research on autophagy mechanisms and its role in cancer therapy, focusing on compounds that modulate this pathway.

Keywords:
autophagyautophagy activatorsautophagy inhibitorscancercancer therapy

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Oncology

Background:

  • Autophagy is a fundamental cellular process involving self-degradation of damaged proteins and organelles.
  • It plays a dual role in cell survival under stress (e.g., hypoxia, chemotherapy) and can be nonselective or selective.
  • The precise regulatory mechanisms of selective autophagy remain an active area of research.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advancements in understanding autophagy types and mechanisms.
  • To discuss the interplay between autophagy and apoptosis, focusing on key regulatory proteins (p53, Bcl-2/Beclin 1, p62, Atg proteins, caspases).
  • To present novel compounds with anticancer potential that modulate autophagy, emphasizing those in clinical and preclinical development.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent research on autophagy.
  • Analysis of molecular regulation linking autophagy and apoptosis.
  • Compilation of data on anticancer compounds targeting autophagy pathways.

Main Results:

  • Autophagy's complex role in cell survival and death under various conditions is elucidated.
  • The molecular crosstalk between autophagy and apoptosis, involving specific protein regulators, is detailed.
  • Numerous compounds affecting autophagy, with anticancer activity, are identified, including those in clinical trials.

Conclusions:

  • Autophagy modulation represents a promising strategy in cancer therapy.
  • Understanding the intricate mechanisms of autophagy and its regulators is key to developing effective anticancer drugs.
  • Further research into autophagy inhibitors and activators, their targets, and therapeutic schemes is warranted.