Therapeutics Targeting the Core Apoptotic Machinery

Claudia Hamilton1, Jennifer P Fox1, Daniel B Longley1

  • 1Patrick G. Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queens University, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK.

Cancers
|June 2, 2021
PubMed

Insights

Targeting cancer cell apoptosis pathways offers a promising therapeutic strategy. This review covers key molecular targets, drug development, and resistance factors for novel anti-cancer treatments.

Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Cancer cells often rely on anti-apoptotic proteins for survival.
  • Targeting these proteins offers a direct method for cancer cell death.
  • Apoptosis pathways are increasingly recognized as valid anti-cancer therapeutic targets.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the main apoptosis pathways and key molecular targets in cancer drug development.
  • To discuss the clinical progress of agents targeting apoptosis.
  • To explore resistance mechanisms and combination strategies for apoptosis-targeting therapeutics.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of scientific publications and clinical trial data.
  • Analysis of molecular targets within intrinsic and extrinsic apoptosis pathways.
  • Examination of emerging resistance factors and combinatorial treatment approaches.

Main Results:

  • Several agents targeting apoptosis pathways are in clinical development.
  • Key molecular targets include proteins in both mitochondrial and death receptor pathways.
  • Emerging resistance factors necessitate the exploration of combination therapies.

Conclusions:

  • Targeting apoptosis pathways represents a significant advancement in anti-cancer therapeutics.
  • Understanding resistance mechanisms is crucial for optimizing treatment efficacy.
  • Combination strategies hold promise for overcoming resistance and enhancing treatment outcomes.

Related Concept Videos

The Intrinsic Apoptotic Pathway01:31

The Intrinsic Apoptotic Pathway

Internal cellular stress, such as cellular injury or hypoxia, triggers intrinsic apoptosis. The B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) family of proteins are the primary regulators of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. For example, during DNA damage, checkpoint proteins, such as Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated (ATM protein) and Checkpoints Factor-2 (Chk2) proteins, are activated. These proteins phosphorylate p53 which further activates pro-apoptotic proteins, such as Bax, Bak, PUMA, and Noxa, and inhibits...
7.2K
The Extrinsic Apoptotic Pathway01:17

The Extrinsic Apoptotic Pathway

The extrinsic apoptotic pathway is initiated when extracellular death-inducing signals, such as specific cytokines, activate the death receptors expressed on the cell surface. The immune cells involved in this pathway are natural killer cells (NK cells) and cytotoxic T-lymphocytes. NK cells are critical in innate immune response, while cytotoxic T-lymphocytes are associated with adaptive immune response. These cells recognize specific receptors expressed on the altered cells and activate...
7.0K
Apoptosis01:30

Apoptosis

Apoptosis is a combination of two Greek words, 'apo' and 'ptosis,' meaning separation and falling off, respectively. Hippocrates used this word to describe gangrene, which was caused due to bandaging of fractured bones. Apoptosis was distinguished from necrosis in 1970 when John Kerr reported observations of morphological changes occurring during apoptosis. During one experiment, he observed that the disruption of blood supply to the liver tissue resulted in a size...
12.5K
Targeted Cancer Therapies02:57

Targeted Cancer Therapies

The targeted cancer therapies, also known as “molecular targeted therapies,” take advantage of the molecular and genetic differences between the cancer cells and the normal cells. It needs a thorough understanding of the cancer cells to develop drugs that can target specific molecular aspects that drive the growth, progression, and spread of cancer cells without affecting the growth and survival of other normal cells in the body.
There are several types of targeted therapies against...
8.0K
Autophagic Cell Death01:18

Autophagic Cell Death

Christian de Duve discovered “autophagy,” a process in which cellular components are engulfed by membrane-bound organelles called autophagosomes. The autophagosomes then fuse with lysosomes to digest the enclosed contents. Autophagy is generally activated in cells to prevent cell death. However, cell death is triggered when the damage is beyond repair.
Autophagy and Apoptosis
Autophagy can activate apoptosis. In normal conditions, the autophagy activating protein Beclin-1 and...
3.7K
Phagocytosis of Apoptotic Cells01:17

Phagocytosis of Apoptotic Cells

Cells undergoing apoptosis form apoptotic bodies that must be removed immediately to prevent inflammation, autoimmune diseases, and necrosis. Phagocytosis is carried out by professional phagocytes such as macrophages or  immature dendritic cells. Non-professional phagocytes such as  epithelial cells and fibroblasts also take part in this process; however, they are not as effective as professional phagocytes. 
Normal cells contain receptors that prevent them from being recognized...
4.2K