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Related Concept Videos

Urinary Tract Infection II: Pathophysiology01:25

Urinary Tract Infection II: Pathophysiology

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The pathophysiology of urinary tract infections (UTIs) encompasses several progressive stages, beginning with bacterial colonization and culminating in potential systemic complications if untreated. UTIs are primarily initiated by bacteria, such as Escherichia coli, which often originate from the gastrointestinal tract and migrate to the urinary system through the periurethral area. This migration can occur via several routes, including improper hygiene practices, sexual activity, or...
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Urinary Tract Infection I: Introduction01:26

Urinary Tract Infection I: Introduction

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Urinary tract infections (UTIs) impact various parts of the urinary system, including the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. These infections are generally bacterial, with Escherichia coli being the most common causative agent, often originating from the gastrointestinal tract. However, other bacteria, such as Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Proteus mirabilis, are also known to cause UTIs. The type, location, and underlying complexity of the UTI guide both...
228
Urinary Tract Infection III: Diagnostic Studies and Interprofessional Care01:30

Urinary Tract Infection III: Diagnostic Studies and Interprofessional Care

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A healthcare provider can diagnose a urinary tract infection (UTI) through several methods:Medical History and Symptoms: The provider will take a detailed medical history and ask about symptoms such as frequent urination, burning sensation during urination, and lower abdominal pain.Urinalysis: A clean-catch urine sample is collected in a sterile container and tested for the presence of bacteria, white blood cells (leukocytes), nitrites, blood, and protein. The presence of leukocytes and...
90
Factors Affecting the Risk of Infection01:26

Factors Affecting the Risk of Infection

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The hosts' susceptibility to infection depends on several factors. The integrity of the skin and mucous membranes helps protect the body against microbial attacks. When the skin is altered, the chance of infection, limb loss, and even death increases.
The integrity and count of the white blood cells help the body resist pathogens and fight infection. When impaired, it reduces the body's resistance to pathogens. The acidic pH levels of the gastrointestinal, genitourinary tracts, and skin...
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Urinary Tract Infection IV: Nursing Management01:17

Urinary Tract Infection IV: Nursing Management

150
In managing urinary tract infections (UTIs) in nursing, a comprehensive assessment is essential. Begin by gathering subjective data, such as the patient’s complaints of dysuria (painful urination), urinary frequency, urgency, suprapubic pain, and any lower abdominal discomfort. This information can be complemented by questions regarding previous UTIs, sexual activity, and personal hygiene practices, which can provide insight into risk factors. Objective assessment should focus on signs...
150
Urinary Tract Calculi II: Pathophysiology and Clinical Manifestations01:26

Urinary Tract Calculi II: Pathophysiology and Clinical Manifestations

183
Renal calculi, commonly termed kidney stones, are crystalline solid masses that form in the kidneys but can occur at any point within the urinary system, encompassing the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra.The pathophysiology of renal stones involves several key factors: supersaturation of the urine with stone-forming constituents, changes in urine pH, a decrease in urine volume, and the presence of substances that promote or inhibit stone formation.Supersaturation of Urine: This is the...
183

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 3, 2025

Establishment and Characterization of UTI and CAUTI in a Mouse Model
08:40

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Urinary tract infection caused by Enterococcus spp.: Risk factors and mortality. An observational study.

E Álvarez-Artero1, A Campo-Nuñez1, I García-García2

  • 1Servicio de Medicina Interna, Hospital Rio Carrión, Complejo Asistencial Universitario de Palencia (CAUPA), Palencia, Spain.

Revista Clinica Espanola
|June 2, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Enterococcus species frequently cause complicated urinary tract infections (UTIs). Risk factors include male sex, obstructive uropathy, and prior infections, with high mortality linked to severe illness and comorbidities.

Keywords:
BacteremiaBacteriemiaEnterococcus spp.EnterococosImmunosuppressionInfección del tracto urinarioInmunodepresiónMortalidadMortalityUrinary tract infection

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Recurrent Escherichia coli Urinary Tract Infection Triggered by Gardnerella vaginalis Bladder Exposure in Mice
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Area of Science:

  • Infectious Diseases
  • Urology
  • Critical Care Medicine

Background:

  • Enterococcus species are common causes of urinary tract infections (UTIs).
  • Identifying risk factors and outcomes for Enterococcus UTIs is crucial for patient management.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To define risk factors for UTIs caused by Enterococcus species.
  • To determine the overall mortality and predictive risk factors for Enterococcus UTIs.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective study of 106 inpatients with bacteremic UTIs caused by Enterococcus species.
  • Comparison with 100 inpatients with bacteremic UTIs caused by other enterobacteria.

Main Results:

  • Independent predictors of Enterococcus UTIs include male sex, obstructive uropathy, nosocomial infection, urinary system cancers, and prior antimicrobial treatment.
  • Overall inpatient mortality was 16.5%, associated with higher SOFA scores, severe comorbidities (immunosuppression, malignant hemopathy, nephrostomy), and Enterococcus faecium with ampicillin/vancomycin resistance.
  • Appropriate empiric antibiotic therapy did not improve prognosis.

Conclusions:

  • Enterococcus species frequently cause complicated UTIs in patients with identifiable risk factors.
  • High mortality in severe clinical conditions with high comorbidity warrants empiric treatment for at-risk patients.