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Related Concept Videos

Aggression01:47

Aggression

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Humans engage in aggression when they seek to cause harm or pain to another person. Aggression takes two forms depending on one’s motives: hostile or instrumental. Hostile aggression is motivated by feelings of anger with intent to cause pain; a fight in a bar with a stranger is an example of hostile aggression. In contrast, instrumental aggression is motivated by achieving a goal and does not necessarily involve intent to cause pain (Berkowitz, 1993); a contract killer who murders for...
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Bullying02:04

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A modern form of aggression is bullying. As you learn in your study of child development, socializing and playing with other children is beneficial for children’s psychological development. However, as you may have experienced as a child, not all play behavior has positive outcomes. Some children are aggressive and want to play roughly. Other children are selfish and do not want to share toys. One form of negative social interactions among children that has become a national concern is...
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Stress is a multifaceted response to events perceived as challenging or threatening, highlighting physical, emotional, cognitive, and behavioral reactions. Physically, stress can lead to fatigue, sleep disruptions, and various health issues such as frequent colds, chest pains, and nausea. Emotionally, it can manifest as anxiety, depression, irritability, and anger triggered by both minor and major life events. Cognitively, it may result in difficulty in concentration, memory, and...
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Secondary Motives: Affiliation Motivation and Aggression Motivation01:21

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Affiliation motivation is the intrinsic desire to connect with others and belong to a social group, which plays a crucial role in forming and maintaining personal relationships. This type of motivation is essential for psychological well-being, as it provides individuals with a sense of community and support. An example of this is a student who joins a study group in order to feel a sense of connection. People with high affiliation motivation actively seek social approval, take satisfaction in...
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Stress and Mental Health01:30

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Chronic stress profoundly affects mental health, significantly influencing mood, behavior, and overall quality of life. Research closely links chronic stress with mental health conditions such as depression, anxiety, and substance use disorders. Ongoing exposure to stress can lead to physiological and psychological changes, initiating a cycle of emotional distress and maladaptive coping mechanisms.
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Causes of Social Behavior III: Biological and Environmental Influences01:28

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Social behavior is a complex phenomenon that arises from the interaction between biological predispositions and environmental influences. This intricate interplay shapes how individuals think, feel, and act in various social contexts. Understanding these mechanisms requires insights from psychology, neuroscience, genetics, and evolutionary theory.Environmental Influences on Social BehaviorEnvironmental factors, including temperature, odors, and visual stimuli, play a crucial role in shaping...
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Updated: Nov 3, 2025

The Resident-intruder Paradigm: A Standardized Test for Aggression, Violence and Social Stress
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Increasing aggression during the COVID-19 lockdowns.

William D S Killgore1, Sara A Cloonan1, Emily C Taylor1

  • 1University of Arizona College of Medicine, United States.

Journal of Affective Disorders Reports
|June 2, 2021
PubMed
Summary

COVID-19 lockdowns were linked to increased aggression. This aggression rose over time, particularly for those under movement restrictions, affecting physical and verbal aggression, anger, and hostility.

Keywords:
AggressionAngerCOVID-19CoronavirusHostilityLockdowns

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Area of Science:

  • Psychology
  • Public Health
  • Sociology

Background:

  • COVID-19 pandemic necessitated widespread public health interventions, including movement restrictions known as lockdowns.
  • Concerns arose regarding the potential psychological impact of prolonged lockdowns on societal behavior.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the association between COVID-19 lockdowns and aggression levels in adults.
  • To examine how lockdown status influences various facets of aggression.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized the Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire (BPAQ) administered monthly to 5,928 US adults over six months.
  • Compared aggression scores between participants under lockdown and those without restrictions.

Main Results:

  • Lockdown status significantly correlated with higher overall aggression scores.
  • A significant interaction effect indicated increasing aggression over time for those under lockdown.
  • All four BPAQ subscales (Physical Aggression, Verbal Aggression, Anger, Hostility) showed this pattern.

Conclusions:

  • Lockdowns demonstrated a notable association with heightened aggression levels.
  • Aggression levels were observed to be higher in the later months of the pandemic response among those under restrictions.