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Relation between smoking and visual processing in bipolar disorder.

Milena E C Oliveira1,2, Natalia L Almeida1,2, Thiago P Fernandes1,2

  • 1Department of Psychology, Federal University of Paraiba, Joao Pessoa, Brazil.

Journal of Addictive Diseases
|June 2, 2021
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Chronic smoking significantly impairs color vision, with effects being more pronounced in individuals with bipolar disorder (BPD). BPD smokers demonstrated diffuse color vision deficits compared to non-BPD smokers.

Keywords:
Bipolar disordercolor processingsmokerssmokingvisual processing

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Ophthalmology
  • Psychiatry

Background:

  • Bipolar disorder (BPD) and chronic smoking are independently associated with cognitive impairments.
  • The combined impact of BPD and smoking on sensory functions, specifically color discrimination, remains under-investigated.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the influence of smoking and BPD on color discrimination abilities.
  • To determine if smoking-induced color vision deficits are exacerbated in patients with BPD.

Main Methods:

  • A cohort of 23 smokers and 23 smokers with BPD (aged 25-45) underwent color vision testing.
  • The Trivector subtest of the Cambridge Colour Test was employed to assess color discrimination across red, green, and blue axes.
  • Participants identified pseudoisochromatic stimuli presented in four directional orientations.

Main Results:

  • Smokers without BPD exhibited significantly better color discrimination across Protan, Deutan, and Tritan axes (p < .001 for all).
  • Smokers with BPD displayed greater difficulty in distinguishing chromaticity variations, indicating diffuse color vision impairments.
  • The deficits in the BPD smokers group were not specific to any particular color axis.

Conclusions:

  • A significant relationship exists between smoking and BPD concerning color discrimination abilities.
  • The findings underscore the diffuse impact of combined smoking and BPD on visual sensory processing.
  • Further research is warranted to understand the mechanisms underlying these combined effects.