Neuroendocrine Tumor Theranostics: An Update and Emerging Applications in Clinical Practice

OBJECTIVE. Theranostics have shown great promise for delivering precision medicine, particularly in neuroendocrine tumors (NETs). The clinical applications of radiolabeled somatostatin analogues in imaging and radionuclide therapy have been rapidly increasing over the past 2 decades and are currently integrated into the management guidelines of NETs. This article summarizes the available literature on different somatostatin receptor-targeting radiopharmaceuticals with theranostic potential in NETs, pheochromocytomas, and paragangliomas. We discuss the clinical application, administration, and toxicity of recent FDA-approved radionuclide therapies, including ¹⁷⁷Lu-DOTATATE in advanced gastroenteropancreatic NETs and ¹³¹I-MIBG in advanced paragangliomas and pheochromocytomas. CONCLUSION. Several studies support the safety and clinical efficacy of peptide receptor radionuclide therapies in disease control and quality-of-life improvement in patients with NETs and report potential benefits of combined radionuclide treatment approaches. The utility and pitfalls of functional imaging in therapy response assessment and surveillance of NETs remain to be established.