[Transcription Factor MTF-1 Involved in the Cellular Response to Zinc]

Heavy metals, both toxic and essential, have long been an important research focus in life science. To investigate the intracellular actions of heavy metals at the molecular level, I have been exploring protein factors involved in induction of metallothionein (MT) genes by heavy metals that specifically bind to a metal responsive element (MRE) in the region upstream of the human MT-IIA gene. Purification of a zinc-dependent MRE-binding factor, and cloning of its cDNA identified a sequence identical to that of metal-responsive transcription factor-1 (MTF-1). MTF-1, which is characterized by six tandem repeats of the C₂H₂ type zinc finger motif, is indispensable for induction of MT gene expression by multiple types of heavy metal, but zinc is the only metal that can directly activate MTF-1 binding to the MRE, indicating that other heavy metal signals act through zinc as a second messenger. Functional analysis of various MTF-1 point mutants revealed several cysteine (Cys) residues critical for DNA binding and/or transactivation activity. Interestingly, six finger motifs seem to mediate several MTF-1 functions other than DNA binding. Immunohistochemical analyses of various mouse tissues revealed selective expression of MTF-1 in spermatocytes among the testicular cells, suggesting roles relevant to spermatogenesis. The zinc regulon, under the control of MTF-1, will likely provide good clues to aid in unraveling novel functions of intracellular zinc ions.