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The Quantum-Mechanical Model of an Atom02:45

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Shortly after de Broglie published his ideas that the electron in a hydrogen atom could be better thought of as being a circular standing wave instead of a particle moving in quantized circular orbits, Erwin Schrödinger extended de Broglie’s work by deriving what is now known as the Schrödinger equation. When Schrödinger applied his equation to hydrogen-like atoms, he was able to reproduce Bohr’s expression for the energy and, thus, the Rydberg formula governing hydrogen spectra.
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Electromagnetic (EM) radiation consists of electric and magnetic field components oscillating in planes perpendicular to each other and mutually perpendicular to radiation propagation through space. EM radiation can be classified as a wave, characterized by the properties of waves such as wavelength (denoted as λ) and frequency (represented by ν).
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Electromagnetic waves can travel in the vacuum as well as in matter. For example light, which is an electromagnetic wave, can travel through air, water, or glass.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 3, 2025

Gradient Echo Quantum Memory in Warm Atomic Vapor
10:00

Gradient Echo Quantum Memory in Warm Atomic Vapor

Published on: November 11, 2013

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Telecom-heralded entanglement between multimode solid-state quantum memories.

Dario Lago-Rivera1, Samuele Grandi1, Jelena V Rakonjac1

  • 1ICFO - Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Castelldefels, Spain.

Nature
|June 3, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers demonstrated heralded entanglement between two quantum nodes using praseodymium-doped crystals. This breakthrough enables robust, long-duration entanglement storage for future quantum networks and quantum repeaters.

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Nov 3, 2025

Gradient Echo Quantum Memory in Warm Atomic Vapor
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Area of Science:

  • Quantum Information Science
  • Quantum Communication
  • Solid-State Quantum Systems

Background:

  • Future quantum networks require entanglement distribution between remote nodes for applications in communication, sensing, and computation.
  • Existing entanglement methods lack compatibility with telecommunication wavelengths and multimode operation essential for network functionality.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To demonstrate heralded entanglement between spatially separated quantum nodes using solid-state quantum memories.
  • To achieve entanglement storage compatible with telecommunication wavelengths and capable of multimode operation.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized praseodymium-doped crystals at each quantum node to store photons from correlated pairs.
  • Heralded entanglement by detecting telecom-wavelength photons, achieving rates up to 1.4 kHz.
  • Demonstrated entanglement storage for up to 25 microseconds and temporally multiplexed operation with 62 modes.

Main Results:

  • Successfully generated heralded entanglement between two quantum memories in separate laboratories.
  • Entanglement storage demonstrated robustness against loss in the heralding channel.
  • Achieved temporally multiplexed operation, showcasing the potential for high-capacity quantum repeaters.

Conclusions:

  • The developed system provides a viable route towards field-deployed, multiplexed quantum repeaters based on solid-state resources.
  • This work is extendable to entanglement distribution over longer distances, crucial for scaling quantum networks.