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Types of RNA

Types of RNA

Overview
Three main types of RNA are involved in protein synthesis: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). These RNAs perform diverse functions and can be broadly classified as protein-coding or non-coding RNA. Non-coding RNAs play important roles in the regulation of gene expression in response to developmental and environmental changes. Non-coding RNAs in prokaryotes can be manipulated to develop more effective antibacterial drugs for human or animal use.
RNA...

Types of RNA

Types of RNA

Three main types of RNA are involved in protein synthesis: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). These RNAs perform diverse functions and can be broadly classified as protein-coding or non-coding RNA. Non-coding RNAs play important roles in regulating gene expression in response to developmental and environmental changes. Non-coding RNAs in prokaryotes can be manipulated to develop more effective antibacterial drugs for human or animal use.
RNA Performs Diverse...

Transcriptional Regulation: Riboswitches

Transcriptional Regulation: Riboswitches

Riboswitches are RNA elements that regulate gene expression by altering their secondary structures in response to specific effector molecules. These elements, located in the leader regions of certain mRNAs, act as transcriptional regulators by toggling between alternative conformations to control downstream gene expression. Riboswitch-mediated regulation is a precise mechanism for modulating biosynthetic pathways, as exemplified by the riboflavin biosynthesis pathway in Bacillus...

Translational Regulation

Translational Regulation

Translational regulation in prokaryotes ensures efficient protein synthesis by controlling ribosome access to mRNA. This regulation is mediated by secondary RNA structures, including translational riboswitches, RNA thermometers, and small RNAs (sRNAs), which respond to intracellular and environmental signals to modulate gene expression.Translational RiboswitchesRiboswitches in the leader region of mRNAs can regulate translation by altering the accessibility of the Shine-Dalgarno (SD) sequence,...

Riboswitches

Riboswitches

Riboswitches are non-coding mRNA domains that regulate the transcription and translation of downstream genes without the help of proteins. Riboswitches bind directly to a metabolite and can form unique stem-loop or hairpin structures in response to the amount of the metabolite present. They have two distinct regions – a metabolite-binding aptamer and an expression platform.
The aptamer has high specificity for a particular metabolite which allows riboswitches to specifically regulate...

Bacterial RNA Polymerase

Bacterial RNA Polymerase

Unlike eukaryotes, bacteria use a single RNA Polymerase (RNAP) to transcribe all genes. The different subunits of bacterial RNAPhave distinct functions. The multisubunit structure of the bacterial RNAP helps the enzyme to maintain catalytic function, facilitate assembly, interact with DNA and RNA, and self-regulate its activity.
In most genes, the transcription site is a single base present upstream of the coding sequence. Though RNAP is a catalytically efficient enzyme, it does not recognize...

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A Non-Coding Small RNA MicC Contributes to Virulence in Outer Membrane Proteins in Salmonella Enteritidis

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Regulation of Bacterial Ribonucleases.

Murray P Deutscher¹

¹Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida 33101, USA;

Annual Review of Microbiology

|June 3, 2021

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Cellular ribonucleases (RNases) are vital for RNA metabolism but can be destructive. This review details diverse regulatory mechanisms cells use to control RNase activity, preventing RNA degradation.

Keywords:

RNase cellular localization feedback control modulatory factor posttranslational modification proteolysis ribonuclease

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Published on: July 26, 2018

Area of Science:

Molecular Biology
Biochemistry
Genetics

Background:

Ribonucleases (RNases) are critical enzymes involved in RNA metabolism.
RNases can degrade essential RNA molecules if not properly regulated.
Cellular and environmental factors necessitate strict control over RNase levels and activity.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the diverse regulatory mechanisms controlling RNase activity.
To highlight the importance of RNase regulation in cellular health and bacterial adaptation.
To explore how cells manage RNase levels, activity, and localization.

Main Methods:

Literature review of RNase regulation studies.
Analysis of identified regulatory pathways across different RNase families.
Synthesis of findings on single and multiple regulatory mechanisms acting on RNases.

Main Results:

Multiple, varied mechanisms regulate RNase function.
No single regulatory strategy applies universally to all RNases or RNase families.
Some RNases are subject to multiple layers of regulation.

Conclusions:

Cellular RNase regulation is complex and multifaceted.
Evolution has produced a wide array of control mechanisms for RNases.
Understanding these diverse regulations is key to comprehending RNA metabolism and cellular homeostasis.