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Related Concept Videos

Cranial Nerves: Types Part I01:14

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Cranial nerves are responsible for transmitting motor and sensory information between the brain and various parts of the body. There are twelve pairs of cranial nerves, with the first six being essential in sensory perception, motor control, and autonomic functions related to the head and neck.
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The cranial nerves are an important part of the complex network of nerves in the human body. These nerves emerge directly from the brain and are responsible for transmitting essential information between the brain and various parts of the head and neck. There are 12 pairs of cranial nerves, systematically numbered using Roman numerals from I to XII, beginning from the anterior and moving to the posterior of the brain. Each cranial nerve is uniquely identified by names that reflect its function...
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Cranial Nerves: Types Part II01:22

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Cranial nerves are responsible for transmitting motor and sensory information between the brain and various parts of the body. There are twelve pairs of cranial nerves. While the first six innervate the head and neck, the latter six nerves innervate the head and neck, as well as organs and tissues in the thoracic and abdominal cavities. They facilitate communication, expression, and autonomic control within the human body.
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In the CNS, neurogenesis, the birth of new neurons from stem cells, is limited to the hippocampus in adults. In other regions of the brain and spinal cord, neurogenesis is almost non-existent due to inhibitory influences from neuroglia, especially oligodendrocytes, and the absence of growth-stimulating cues. The myelin produced by oligodendrocytes in the CNS inhibits neuronal regeneration. Furthermore, astrocytes proliferate rapidly after neuronal damage, forming scar tissue that physically...
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The process of olfaction, also known as the sense of smell, is a sophisticated chemical response system. The specialized sensory neurons that facilitate this process, known as olfactory receptor neurons, are situated in an upper segment of the nasal cavity, known as the olfactory epithelium. Olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar, with their dendrites extending from the epithelium's apex into the mucus that lines the nasal cavity. Airborne molecules, when inhaled, traverse the olfactory...
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Optical perception, or vision, is an extraordinary sense dependent on converting light signals received via the ocular organs. These organs, known as eyes, are securely positioned within the bony cavities of the skull, called orbits. The orbits serve a dual purpose: a protective shield for the ocular globes and a stable attachment point for the soft ocular tissues. The eye's external protective mechanisms include the eyelids, which are edged with lashes that act as a barrier against foreign...
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Axonal Growth Abnormalities Underlying Ocular Cranial Nerve Disorders.

Mary C Whitman1

  • 1Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA;

Annual Review of Vision Science
|June 3, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Congenital cranial dysinnervation disorders impair eye movement due to abnormal cranial motor nerve development. This review examines how mutations disrupt axon guidance, impacting nerve targeting and leading to these paralytic strabismus syndromes.

Keywords:
axon guidancecongenital cranial dysinnervation disordercranial nerveeye movementoculomotor synkinesisstrabismus

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Developmental Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Congenital cranial dysinnervation disorders (CCDDs) result from abnormal cranial motor nerve development, causing paralytic strabismus and limited eye movement.
  • These disorders stem from either defective motor neuron specification or aberrant axon growth and guidance of specific cranial nerves.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current understanding of axon guidance mechanisms in cranial motor nerves.
  • To explore how disease-causing mutations disrupt axon targeting in CCDDs.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on cranial motor nerve development and CCDDs.
  • Analysis of genetic mutations and their effects on axon guidance pathways.

Main Results:

  • Axon guidance abnormalities can be nerve-specific, even with ubiquitous gene expression.
  • Compensatory mechanisms exist, such as target muscle attraction of alternative motor neurons when a nerve is absent.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding axon guidance is crucial for deciphering CCDDs.
  • Each neuronal population utilizes unique yet overlapping axon guidance pathways, highlighting developmental complexity.