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Related Concept Videos

Forced Transdifferentiation01:28

Forced Transdifferentiation

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Transdifferentiation, also known as lineage reprogramming, was first discovered by Selman and Kafatos in 1974 in silkmoths. They observed that the moths’ cuticle-producing cells transformed into salt-producing cells. Many such cases of natural transdifferentiation occur in organisms. In humans, pancreatic alpha cells can become beta cells. In newts, the loss of the eye’s lens causes the pigmented epithelial cells to transdifferentiate into the lens cells.
Artificial...
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Insulin Secretory Vesicles01:05

Insulin Secretory Vesicles

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Insulin secretory vesicles release insulin to stimulate blood glucose uptake and regulate carbohydrate metabolism. When the blood glucose levels increase, glucose enters the pancreatic β-islet cells through glucose transporters. Once inside, glucose is metabolized through glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain, producing ATP. This increase in ATP concentration closes ATP-sensitive potassium channels, leading to depolarization of the membrane and the opening of...
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iPS Cell Differentiation01:22

iPS Cell Differentiation

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The ability of induced pluripotent stem cells or iPSCs to differentiate into most body cell types has stimulated repair and regenerative medicine research over the past few decades. iPSC-derived blood cells, hepatocytes, beta islet cells, cardiomyocytes, neurons, and other cell types can repair injuries or regenerate damaged tissue in diseases such as diabetes and neurodegenerative disorders.
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Glucose Homeostasis: Pancreatic Islets and Insulin Secretion01:27

Glucose Homeostasis: Pancreatic Islets and Insulin Secretion

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The pancreatic islets comprising only 1%-2% of the volume are highly vascularized and innervated mini-organs. They contain five endocrine cell types, including β cells that secrete insulin, which is synthesized as a single polypeptide chain, preproinsulin, processed to proinsulin, and finally to insulin and C-peptide. This process is complex and regulated, involving the Golgi complex, the endoplasmic reticulum, and the secretory granules of the β cell.
Insulin and C-peptide are...
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Cell Specific Gene Expression01:58

Cell Specific Gene Expression

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Multicellular organisms contain a variety of structurally and functionally distinct cell types, but the DNA in all the cells originated from the same parent cells. The differences in the cells can be attributed to the differential gene expression. Liver cells, whose functions include detoxification of blood, production of bile to metabolize fats, and synthesis of proteins essential for metabolism, must express a specific set of genes to perform their functions. Gene expression also varies with...
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Pathophysiology of Diabetes01:20

Pathophysiology of Diabetes

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Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia. The four categories of diabetes are type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, other specific types of diabetes, and gestational diabetes.
Type 1 diabetes is characterized by autoimmune-mediated destruction of pancreatic β cells, with environmental factors potentially triggering this process in genetically susceptible individuals. Despite many not having a family history, certain genes increase susceptibility,...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 3, 2025

Assessing Replication and Beta Cell Function in Adenovirally-transduced Isolated Rodent Islets
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Assessing Replication and Beta Cell Function in Adenovirally-transduced Isolated Rodent Islets

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SARS-CoV-2 infection induces beta cell transdifferentiation.

Xuming Tang1, Skyler Uhl2, Tuo Zhang3

  • 1Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA.

Cell Metabolism
|June 3, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection can alter pancreatic beta cell function. This study found SARS-CoV-2 induces beta cell transdifferentiation, potentially explaining COVID-19-related diabetes.

Keywords:
COVID-19EgIF2PRSS1diabeteshuman isletsinsulintrypsin 1

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Surgical Injury to the Mouse Pancreas through Ligation of the Pancreatic Duct as a Model for Endocrine and Exocrine Reprogramming and Proliferation
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Last Updated: Nov 3, 2025

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Surgical Injury to the Mouse Pancreas through Ligation of the Pancreatic Duct as a Model for Endocrine and Exocrine Reprogramming and Proliferation
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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Virology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Clinical observations suggest a link between COVID-19 and diabetes.
  • The precise mechanisms underlying this association remain unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the direct effects of SARS-CoV-2 on pancreatic islet cells.
  • To explore the potential for SARS-CoV-2 to induce changes in beta cell identity and function.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of autopsy samples from COVID-19 patients.
  • Single-cell RNA sequencing and immunostaining of pancreatic islet cells.
  • In vitro infection models to study SARS-CoV-2 susceptibility and cellular responses.

Main Results:

  • SARS-CoV-2 viral antigen was detected in pancreatic beta cells.
  • Pancreatic islet cells, including beta cells, are susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection.
  • Infection induced cellular stress, chemokine production, and altered gene expression in beta cells, suggesting transdifferentiation.
  • Beta cell transdifferentiation mediated by the eIF2 pathway was observed, which could be reversed by trans-ISRIB.

Conclusions:

  • SARS-CoV-2 infection can directly impact pancreatic beta cells, leading to cell fate changes.
  • This cellular transdifferentiation may contribute to the development or exacerbation of diabetes in COVID-19 patients.
  • The findings offer insights into the pathophysiology of COVID-19 and its metabolic complications.