Cardiac Tamponade Complicating Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation: A Single-Centre Experience

Cardiac tamponade is a potential complication during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO).

This study assessed the incidence, clinical presentation, therapeutic approach, and outcome of cardiac tamponade at a single ECMO centre during a 10-year period.

Cardiac tamponade occurred in 11 adults (seven men; age 53 years [range, 48-60]) of 566 patients (1.9%), after 10 days (range, 3-16) of ECMO support: eight veno-venous (VV) and three veno-arterial (VA). Cardiac tamponade was suspected due to haemodynamic deterioration or collapse, and was confirmed by bedside echocardiography. In five of eight VV-ECMO (62%) patients, circulatory arrest ensued and immediate VA-ECMO conversion was performed. Definitive treatment of cardiac tamponade consisted of surgical pericardiotomy in 10 cases: sternotomy (n=8), left minithoracotomy (n=1) and subxiphoid approach (n=1); and pericardiocentesis in one patient. Cardiovascular perforation repair was performed in five patients: two right atrium, two superior vena cava and one pulmonary artery. In the remaining six patients, cardiac tamponade was associated with recent cardiac surgery (n=2), prolonged cardiopulmonary resuscitation (n=1), thoracic trauma (n=1), myopericarditis (n=1), and acute myocardial infarction (n=1). Nine (9) patients (82%) were weaned from ECMO (20 days [range, 11-25]) and eight patients (73%) survived intensive care unit (ICU) (29 days [range, 26-61]) and hospital (34 days [range, 29-81]).

Cardiac tamponade is a rare but life-threatening complication during both VV-ECMO and VA-ECMO. Echocardiography plays a major role in timely diagnosis and treatment. Immediate conversion to VA-ECMO when circulatory collapse ensued and emergency sternotomy for cardiovascular perforation repair gave favourable outcomes in a high proportion of patients.