Sexual dimorphism in SARS-COV-2 infection

Area of Science:

• Endocrinology
• Immunology
• Virology

Background:

• Previous research indicates a more favorable prognosis for female patients diagnosed with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) compared to male patients.
• The sex-based disparity in COVID-19 outcomes necessitates an investigation into underlying biological mechanisms.

Purpose of the Study:

• To investigate the potential role of estrogen in modulating the severity of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection.
• To explore the interplay between sex hormones, estrogen receptors, and inflammatory responses in the context of COVID-19.

Main Methods:

• Review and synthesis of existing literature on sex differences in COVID-19.
• Analysis of the potential influence of estradiol (E2) levels and estrogen receptor (ERα:ERβ) expression ratios.
• Examination of the interaction between hormonal factors and inflammatory mediators.

Main Results:

• Males exhibit inherently lower estradiol (E2) and potentially higher estrogen receptor beta (ERβ) levels.
• A sexually dimorphic response to SARS-CoV-2 infection is suggested.
• COVID-19 severity may be influenced by E2 levels and the ERα:ERβ expression ratio in immune and lung cells.

Conclusions:

• Estrogen may play a significant role in determining the severity of SARS-CoV-2 infection.
• Sex-based differences in COVID-19 outcomes could be attributed to hormonal and receptor expression variations.
• Further research into hormonal modulation could inform therapeutic strategies for COVID-19.