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Acute Coronary Syndrome I: Introduction01:30

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Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS) encompasses a spectrum of heart conditions caused by sudden obstruction of coronary arteries, typically resulting from the rupture of an atherosclerotic plaque and subsequent thrombus (blood clot) formation. This obstruction can lead to partial or complete blockage of blood flow, causing varying degrees of myocardial ischemia or infarction.ACS includes the following clinical entities:Unstable Angina (UA)Non-ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction (NSTEMI)ST-Elevation...
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Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI) is a multidisciplinary field that examines how psychological factors, particularly stress, interact with the immune system and impact physical health. Research in PNI has shown that chronic or traumatic stress can disrupt both the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and the sympathetic nervous system. These disruptions contribute to serious health conditions, including cardiovascular diseases.
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Myocarditis is inflammation of the myocardium, which is the muscular layer of the heart.EtiologyMyocarditis has a diverse etiology, including a wide range of infectious and non-infectious causes:Infectious CausesViral: Common viruses include Coxsackie A and B, adenovirus, parvovirus B19, enteroviruses, and influenza A.Bacterial: Examples include infections caused by Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, and Mycoplasma species.Rickettsial: Infections like Rocky Mountain spotted fever can result in...
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Angina manifests as chest pain, tightness, or squeezing discomfort typically located behind the breastbone. It can radiate to the neck, jaw, shoulders, and inner aspects of the upper arms, most commonly the left arm. Patients may experience shortness of breath, fatigue, profuse sweating, dizziness, indigestion, heartburn, palpitations, anxiety, and vomiting as accompanying symptoms. This pain often lasts a few minutes and is triggered by physical exertion, emotional stress, heavy meals, or cold...
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The pathophysiology of Acute Coronary Syndrome [ACD] involves several key processes:The main underlying cause of ACD is atherosclerosis, a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by the buildup of lipid-laden plaques within the coronary arteries.As the atherosclerotic plaque grows in the coronary artery, it may become unstable due to the formation of a lipid-rich core and a thin fibrous cap. Inflammatory cells within the plaque, such as macrophages, secrete enzymes that degrade the...
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Related Experiment Video

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Dissection and Observation of Honey Bee Dorsal Vessel for Studies of Cardiac Function
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Bee Attack or Heart Attack: Kounis Syndrome.

Kashmala Khan1, Gabor Szalai2, Humayun Anjum3

  • 1Internal Medicine, Corpus Christi Medical Center, Corpus Christi, USA.

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|June 4, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Kounis syndrome, an allergic reaction, can cause acute coronary events. This case highlights bee stings as a trigger for myocardial infarction, managed with stenting.

Keywords:
allergic acute coronary syndromeallergic anginaanaphylactic reactioncoronary artery vasospasmkounis syndromeplaque rupturestent thrombosis

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Allergy and Immunology

Background:

  • Kounis syndrome (KS) involves allergic reactions triggering acute coronary syndromes.
  • Various allergens, including insect stings, have been linked to KS.

Observation:

  • A patient with no prior cardiac history presented with symptoms of myocardial infarction after multiple bee stings.
  • Initial assessment revealed non-specific ECG changes and elevated cardiac enzymes.

Findings:

  • Pharmacologic stress testing and myocardial perfusion imaging indicated significant myocardial ischemia.
  • Coronary angiography identified a critical lesion in the proximal left circumflex artery.

Implications:

  • Bee stings can precipitate Kounis syndrome, leading to acute coronary events.
  • Percutaneous coronary intervention with a bare-metal stent effectively treated the induced coronary lesion.