Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Altered States of Awareness01:06

Altered States of Awareness

709
Altered states of consciousness represent significant deviations from one's normal mental state. These deviations can range from subtle changes in awareness to profound transformations in perception, thought processes, and sensory experiences. Altered states of consciousness can be triggered by various factors, including drug use, meditation, hypnosis, illness, or even intense fatigue.
The ingestion of substances like stimulants or hallucinogens leads to chemical alterations in the brain...
709
Acute Respiratory Failure-IV01:23

Acute Respiratory Failure-IV

310
Respiratory failure can manifest suddenly or gradually, characterized by a rapid decline in PaO2 and a rapid rise in PaCO2. This situation indicates a severe respiratory problem that may quickly become a life-threatening emergency. One of the early signs of hypoxemic Acute Respiratory Failure (ARF) is a change in mental status due to the brain's sensitivity to oxygen levels and changes in acid-base balance. Symptoms such as restlessness, confusion, and agitation suggest inadequate oxygen...
310
Negative and Cognitive Symptoms of Schizophrenia01:30

Negative and Cognitive Symptoms of Schizophrenia

170
Negative symptoms of schizophrenia indicate a reduction or absence of typical behaviors and emotional responses found in healthy individuals, while positive symptoms reflect an excess or distortion of normal functioning.
Negative Symptoms
Negative symptoms of schizophrenia manifest as deficits in normal emotional and behavioral functioning, profoundly impacting daily life. Individuals with schizophrenia often display a flat affect, characterized by a near-total absence of emotional expression,...
170
Cognitive Development During Adulthood01:30

Cognitive Development During Adulthood

436
Cognitive development continues throughout adulthood, undergoing significant shifts across early, middle, and late stages. Individual transition occurs from adolescent idealism to pragmatic and adaptable thinking in early adulthood. During this period, individuals learn to integrate personal beliefs with the recognition that other perspectives are equally valid. Exposure to the complexities of modern society, diverse experiences, and higher education contribute to this adaptive thought process,...
436
Positive Symptoms of Schizophrenia: Hallucinations and Delusions01:30

Positive Symptoms of Schizophrenia: Hallucinations and Delusions

254
Schizophrenia is a complex mental health disorder that can manifest with various positive symptoms, including thought, movement, and behavior disorders. These symptoms significantly disrupt cognitive and motor functions, leading to profound effects on an individual's ability to engage with the world.
Thought Disorders
Disorganized and unusual thought processes mark thought disorders in schizophrenia. One key feature is disorganized speech, where an individual's conversation includes...
254
Overview of Carbohydrate Metabolism01:19

Overview of Carbohydrate Metabolism

2.4K
Carbohydrate metabolism is a fundamental biochemical process that ensures a constant supply of energy to living cells. The most important carbohydrate is glucose, which can be broken down via glycolysis to enter into the Krebs cycle and eventually lead to the production of ATP through oxidative phosphorylation.
Glucose transport into cells is facilitated by a family of transport proteins called GLUT (Glucose Transporters). GLUT4 is the primary glucose transporter for insulin-stimulated glucose...
2.4K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Survival After Surgery for Spinal Osteosarcoma and the Role of Chemotherapy and Treatment Sequencing: A National Cohort Multivariable Analysis.

Neurosurgery·2026
Same author

A dynamic meiotic cohesin complex regulates synaptonemal complex assembly in Drosophila oocytes.

Genetics·2026
Same author

Social vulnerability is not associated with three-month functional outcomes after mechanical thrombectomy.

Journal of stroke and cerebrovascular diseases : the official journal of National Stroke Association·2026
Same author

Beyond emissions: a stochastic cusp-logit analysis of environmental cost regimes in BRICS.

Carbon balance and management·2026
Same author

Visual Field Progression in Glaucoma Patients With Delayed Follow-Up.

American journal of ophthalmology·2026
Same author

Pollution cost dynamics and regime transitions in emerging Asia: a dissipative-Logit approach.

Scientific reports·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 3, 2025

SECONDs Administration Guidelines: A Fast Tool to Assess Consciousness in Brain-injured Patients
11:05

SECONDs Administration Guidelines: A Fast Tool to Assess Consciousness in Brain-injured Patients

Published on: February 6, 2021

15.8K

Altered mental status in COVID-19.

Daniel Antoniello1, Mark J Milstein2, Joseph Dardick3

  • 1Department of Neurology, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 3316 Rochambeau Ave, 4th Floor, Bronx, NY, 10467, USA. dantonie@montefiore.org.

Journal of Neurology
|June 4, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Altered mental status in COVID-19 patients is most often caused by metabolic encephalopathy, not primary neurological issues. Hypoxia and renal failure were key factors, with seizures and stroke less common.

Keywords:
COVID-19DeliriumEncephalitisEncephalopathy

More Related Videos

Dual-Task Stroop Paradigm for Detecting Cognitive Deficits in High-Functioning Stroke Patients
07:42

Dual-Task Stroop Paradigm for Detecting Cognitive Deficits in High-Functioning Stroke Patients

Published on: December 16, 2022

3.2K
Brain Morphology of Cannabis Users With or Without Psychosis: A Pilot MRI Study
07:30

Brain Morphology of Cannabis Users With or Without Psychosis: A Pilot MRI Study

Published on: August 18, 2020

7.0K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Nov 3, 2025

SECONDs Administration Guidelines: A Fast Tool to Assess Consciousness in Brain-injured Patients
11:05

SECONDs Administration Guidelines: A Fast Tool to Assess Consciousness in Brain-injured Patients

Published on: February 6, 2021

15.8K
Dual-Task Stroop Paradigm for Detecting Cognitive Deficits in High-Functioning Stroke Patients
07:42

Dual-Task Stroop Paradigm for Detecting Cognitive Deficits in High-Functioning Stroke Patients

Published on: December 16, 2022

3.2K
Brain Morphology of Cannabis Users With or Without Psychosis: A Pilot MRI Study
07:30

Brain Morphology of Cannabis Users With or Without Psychosis: A Pilot MRI Study

Published on: August 18, 2020

7.0K

Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Critical Care Medicine

Background:

  • Altered mental status (AMS) is a frequent neurological symptom in hospitalized COVID-19 patients.
  • The primary drivers of AMS in this population remain unclear.
  • This study sought to identify common causes of AMS in emergency department (ED) patients with COVID-19.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine the principal causes of altered mental status (AMS) in patients with COVID-19 presenting to the emergency department.
  • To differentiate between neurological and metabolic etiologies of AMS in this cohort.

Main Methods:

  • A retrospective observational study was conducted on 166 patients with AMS presenting to three New York hospitals (March 1 - April 16, 2020).
  • Causes of AMS were classified as neurological, metabolic encephalopathy, or indeterminate.
  • Multivariable analysis identified independent predictors of AMS.

Main Results:

  • Metabolic encephalopathy (ME) was the predominant cause of AMS, diagnosed in 92.8% of patients.
  • Hypoxia (62.0%) and renal failure (45.2%) were the most frequent underlying mechanisms contributing to ME.
  • Neurological causes, including seizures and cerebrovascular events, accounted for 12% of cases; encephalitis was rare (0.6%).

Conclusions:

  • Metabolic encephalopathy is the most common cause of altered mental status in COVID-19 patients presenting to the ED.
  • Neurological events like seizures and cerebrovascular disease play a lesser role.
  • Encephalitis is an infrequent cause of AMS in this patient group.