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Related Concept Videos

Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview01:24

Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview

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Intravenous anesthetics are drugs administered parenterally to induce anesthesia or sedation. Propofol is a widely used agent formulated as a 1% emulsion in soybean oil, glycerol, and egg phosphatide. It induces rapid anesthesia primarily due to its rapid distribution from the bloodstream to target tissues and is metabolized in the liver. However, it can cause significant pain on injection and hypertriglyceridemia. Fospropofol, a water-based prodrug of propofol, lacks these adverse effects.
367
Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Intravenous Regional Anesthesia01:16

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Intravenous Regional Anesthesia

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Intravenous regional anesthesia or the Bier block technique is used to anesthetize a specific limb or extremity. It uses exsanguinated or blood-drained vessels to transport local anesthetics or LAs to the peripheral nerve trunks. Lidocaine without vasoconstrictors like epinephrine is most commonly used for this technique. Other drugs used are prilocaine, ropivacaine, and chloroprocaine. Bupivacaine is not recommended for this technique due to its high cardiac toxicity.
One of the advantages of...
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Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Surface, Infiltration, and Conduction Block Anesthesia01:30

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Surface, Infiltration, and Conduction Block Anesthesia

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Depending on the target organ, local anesthetics (LAs) can be administered via various routes. In surface anesthesia, LAs are applied directly to the surface of the skin or mucous membranes. It is widely used for topical skin numbing before venipuncture or minor surgical procedures. Commonly used surface local anesthetics are lidocaine or benzocaine sprays or creams. Surface anesthesia occurs within 5 minutes and lasts for about 60 minutes. One of the main disadvantages of topical anesthesia is...
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Local Anesthetics: Common Agents and Their Applications01:23

Local Anesthetics: Common Agents and Their Applications

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Local anesthetics (LAs) are commonly used for various applications in medical and dental procedures. Some of the common agents used are cocaine, lidocaine, and bupivacaine.
Cocaine is an ester of benzoic acid and methylecgogine. It is used to anesthetize and vasoconstrict locally. Currently, it is used primarily for topical applications. It is beneficial for surgeries on the upper respiratory tract, providing anesthesia and shrinking the mucosa. Cocaine in the form of cocaine hydrochloride is...
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Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Epidural Anesthesia01:29

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Epidural Anesthesia

558
Epidural anesthetics are administered in the fat-filled epidural space, the outermost part of the spinal canal. This technique is commonly employed for pain management and anesthesia during lower abdomen and pelvis surgeries or labor and delivery.
Since epidural anesthetics can be infused through an epidural catheter, all types of drugs, including short-acting ones, can be administered. Chloroprocaine and lidocaine are examples of short and long-duration anesthetics, respectively. Bupivacaine...
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Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Spinal Anesthesia01:11

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Spinal Anesthesia

938
Spinal anesthetics are given during lower abdomen and limb surgeries to block sensory and motor neurons. They are administered in the mid to low lumbar regions, primarily acting on the cauda equina's nerve roots. The blockade level depends on the local anesthetic (LA) concentration. Usually, low LA concentrations are sufficient to block sensory fibers, while only high LA concentrations block motor fibers. Other factors like injection volume and speed, the patient's posture, and the drug...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 3, 2025

Microinjectrode System for Combined Drug Infusion and Electrophysiology
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Needle-free injection: Dental infiltration anesthesia.

Qiman Gao1, Geoffroy Noël2, Zovinar Der Khatchadourian3

  • 1Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Department of Mechanical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.

International Journal of Pharmaceutics
|June 4, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Oblique Needle-Free Liquid Jet Injection (NFLJI) offers a safer, effective alternative for dental anesthesia, minimizing drug regurgitation and complications. This technique shows promise for future clinical trials.

Keywords:
ComplicationsFeasibility studiesInfiltration AnesthesiaJet InjectionsLocal Drug DeliveryPilot StudiesRandomized Clinical Trial

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Area of Science:

  • Dental Anesthesiology
  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Fluid Dynamics

Background:

  • Traditional needle injections for dental anesthesia carry risks of needle-stick injuries and patient discomfort.
  • Needle-Free Liquid Jet Injection (NFLJI) presents a potential alternative, but optimal techniques for dental applications require development.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and optimize a Needle-Free Liquid Jet Injection (NFLJI) technique for dental infiltration anesthesia.
  • To evaluate the clinical safety and feasibility of the optimized NFLJI technique.

Main Methods:

  • Fluid dynamics of NFLJI in dentoalveolar phantoms were analyzed using high-speed videography at various incident angles.
  • An optimal NFLJI technique was developed, validated on cadavers, and assessed in two pilot Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs).

Main Results:

  • Oblique NFLJIs significantly reduced drug regurgitation compared to perpendicular injections, a finding confirmed in cadaver studies.
  • Pilot RCTs showed oblique NFLJIs had lower risks of bleeding (33.3%) and laceration (16.7%) versus perpendicular NFLJIs (83.3% for both).
  • Preliminary success rates for oblique NFLJIs and needle injections were both 83.3%, with feasible recruitment for future RCTs.

Conclusions:

  • Oblique NFLJI is a promising approach for dental infiltration anesthesia, offering minimal drug regurgitation and a low complication risk.
  • The pilot RCTs demonstrated the feasibility of conducting a non-inferiority RCT for oblique NFLJI in dental anesthesia.