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Related Concept Videos

Attachment Styles01:24

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Jeffrey Simpson's attachment theory suggests that early caregiver relationships shape lasting patterns of behavior and emotional regulation, known as attachment styles. These patterns are organized along two key dimensions: self-esteem and interpersonal trust. The intersection of these dimensions produces four primary attachment styles that typically persist throughout life and significantly influence how individuals form and maintain relationships.Secure Attachment StyleIndividuals with a...
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Cognitive therapy is a psychological approach designed to address distortions in thinking, which can lead to negative emotions and unrealistic beliefs. These cognitive distortions often influence how individuals interpret and respond to situations, exacerbating emotional distress. Below are some prevalent cognitive distortions, their characteristics, and examples of how they manifest in thought processes.
Arbitrary Inference
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Attachment theory, developed initially to explain infant–caregiver bonds, has been extended to illuminate patterns of intimacy in adult romantic relationships. Psychologists Cindy Hazan and Phillip Shaver proposed that the attachment styles observed in infancy form a framework for how individuals approach emotional closeness and conflict in adulthood. These attachment styles—secure, avoidant, and anxious—are linked to enduring patterns of behavior and emotional regulation in...
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Cognition plays a pivotal role in shaping emotional experiences, as demonstrated by Schachter and Singer’s two-factor theory of emotion. According to this model, emotion arises from a combination of physiological arousal and cognitive interpretation. The body’s physiological response to stimuli is ambiguous and only gains emotional significance through cognitive labeling. For instance, an increased heart rate and adrenaline surge while standing near an attractive person may be...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 3, 2025

Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Hyperscanning Study in Psychological Counseling
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Modifying insecure attachment style with cognitive bias modification.

Emma L Doolan1, Richard A Bryant1

  • 1University of New South Wales, Australia.

Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry
|June 4, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Cognitive Bias Modification training (CBM-I) can alter attachment-related interpretative biases. Secure CBM-I training promoted secure interpretations, while insecure training increased attachment anxiety in participants.

Keywords:
Attachment securityAttachment systemCognitive bias modification

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Area of Science:

  • Psychology
  • Clinical Psychology
  • Attachment Theory

Background:

  • Attachment theory posits that early experiences shape internal working models, influencing perceptions of self and others.
  • Attachment-related interpretative biases can affect cognitive appraisals.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate if Cognitive Bias Modification (CBM-I) can alter attachment-related interpretative biases.
  • To explore the effects of secure versus insecure CBM-I training on attachment anxiety.

Main Methods:

  • Eighty anxiously attached participants were randomly assigned to secure or insecure CBM-I training.
  • Participants rated the similarity of secure/insecure interpretations to ambiguous attachment-related scenarios.

Main Results:

  • Secure CBM-I training led participants to favor secure interpretations of ambiguous scenarios.
  • Insecure CBM-I training increased attachment anxiety, whereas secure CBM-I training did not.

Conclusions:

  • CBM-I training shows potential for modulating attachment anxiety.
  • Further research with clinical populations and longer-term follow-up is warranted to validate CBM-I for treating affective disorders.