Distinct processes of lighting priors for lightness and 3-D shape perception

The visual system often relies on prior assumptions when interpreting ambiguous visual inputs. A well-known example is the light-from-above prior, which aids the judgment of an object's three-dimensional (3-D) shape (i.e., convex or concave). Recent studies have revealed that the light-from-above prior also helps solve lightness ambiguity. This study aimed to examine whether 3-D shape perception and lightness perception share the same lighting prior. The study participants performed two tasks: one focusing on lightness perception and another focusing on 3-D shape perception. The dominant directions of the assumed lighting were calculated from participants' performance in the two tasks. The results showed that the assumed lighting direction for 3-D shape perception were considerably biased toward the left, whereas the one for lightness perception was almost from directly above. The clear difference between these two directions supports the hypothesis that the visual system uses distinct lighting priors for 3-D shape perception and lightness perception. Experiments 1 and 2 involved Japanese speaking participants and European participants, respectively. The Japanese language can be read and written both horizontally (i.e., left to right) and vertically (i.e., up to down) with lines progressing from right to left. Nevertheless, the two experiments still produced the same result, which suggests that the present finding is universal regardless of reading/writing direction.