Decoding human cancer with whole genome sequencing: a review of PCAWG Project studies published in February 2020

Cancer is underlined by genetic changes. In an unprecedented international effort, the Pan-Cancer Analysis of Whole Genomes (PCAWG) of the International Cancer Genome Consortium (ICGC) and The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) sequenced the tumors of over two thousand five hundred patients across 38 different cancer types, as well as the corresponding healthy tissue, with the aim of identifying genome-wide mutations exclusively found in cancer and uncovering new genetic changes that drive tumor formation. What set this project apart from earlier efforts is the use of whole genome sequencing (WGS) that enabled to explore alterations beyond the coding DNA, into cancer's non-coding genome. WGS of the entire cohort allowed to tease apart driving mutations that initiate and support carcinogenesis from passenger mutations that do not play an overt role in the disease. At least one causative mutation was found in 95% of all cancers, with many tumors showing an average of 5 driver mutations. The PCAWG Project also assessed the transcriptional output altered in cancer and rebuilt the evolutionary history of each tumor showing that initial driver mutations can occur years if not decades prior to a diagnosis. Here, I provide a concise review of the Pan-Cancer Project papers published on February 2020, along with key computational tools and the digital framework generated as part of the project. This represents an historic effort by hundreds of international collaborators, which provides a comprehensive understanding of cancer genetics, with publicly available data and resources representing a treasure trove of information to advance cancer research for years to come.