Inner Ear Disorders in SCUBA Divers: A Review

Area of Science:

• Otolaryngology
• Diving Medicine
• Auditory and Vestibular Science

Background:

• SCUBA diving is a popular sport with potential risks to various organs.
• Otolaryngologic disorders are common among divers, including hearing loss, tinnitus, and vertigo.
• Inner ear injuries are a significant concern in SCUBA diving.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review inner ear pathological conditions in SCUBA divers.
• To discuss the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and prevention of these conditions.
• To highlight the importance of pre-dive assessments for diver safety.

Main Methods:

• Literature review of inner ear pathologies in SCUBA divers.
• Discussion of pathogenetic mechanisms, diagnostic approaches, and preventive strategies.
• Emphasis on otolaryngologic and audiological assessments for fitness to dive.

Main Results:

• Three primary inner ear conditions identified: inner ear barotrauma (IEB), inner ear decompression sickness (IEDS), and alternobaric vertigo (AV).
• Each condition has distinct causes: IEB from pressure equalization issues, IEDS from rapid ascent bubble formation, and AV from asymmetrical pressure transmission.
• Clinical presentations overlap, necessitating thorough evaluation.

Conclusions:

• Pre-dive otolaryngologic and audiological evaluations are essential to identify risks for IEB, IEDS, and AV.
• Early identification of risk factors and predisposing conditions can prevent acute inner ear injuries.
• Preserving auditory and vestibular functions in SCUBA divers requires proactive management and prevention strategies.