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Related Concept Videos

Obesity01:24

Obesity

846
The Body Mass Index (BMI) is a numerical value derived from a person's weight and height, used to categorize individuals into weight ranges. It is calculated using the formula: weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared. Obesity is a health condition characterized by excessive accumulation of adipose tissue that poses health risks, often diagnosed with a BMI ≥ 30. This excess fat storage occurs when surplus dietary calories are converted into triglycerides and stored in...
846
Pharmacokinetics in Obese Patients: Drug Absorption and Distribution01:25

Pharmacokinetics in Obese Patients: Drug Absorption and Distribution

60
Obesity significantly alters the pharmacokinetic processes of drug absorption and distribution, presenting unique challenges in medical treatment. The increased fat tissue and decreased lean muscle in obese individuals can significantly affect how drugs are absorbed into the body and distributed across different tissues. This alteration can lead to variances in the effectiveness and safety of medications, necessitating adjustments in dosing or drug selection for obese patients.One notable...
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Pharmacokinetics in Obese Patients: Drug Metabolism and Excretion01:20

Pharmacokinetics in Obese Patients: Drug Metabolism and Excretion

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Drug metabolism, a critical process in the liver, involves two primary phases: Phase I reactions and Phase II conjugation. Obesity introduces significant alterations in this metabolic process, primarily due to fatty infiltration of the liver, leading to conditions such as nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). This condition can modify the activities of both Phase I and II enzymes, impacting how drugs are metabolized in obese patients.Phase I metabolism sees variable effects across...
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Drug Dosing: Obese Patients01:21

Drug Dosing: Obese Patients

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In the United States, obesity is a prominent concern. It is linked to heightened mortality rates due to increased occurrences of conditions such as hypertension, atherosclerosis, coronary artery disease, and diabetes compared to nonobese individuals. A patient is classified as obese if their actual body weight surpasses the ideal or desirable body weight by 20%, based on Metropolitan Life Insurance Company data. Ideal body weights consider average weights and heights for males and females...
43
Overview of Lipid Metabolism01:24

Overview of Lipid Metabolism

3.4K
Lipid metabolism is a crucial process in the human body that involves the synthesis and degradation of lipids. This process is essential for energy production, cell membrane formation, and hormone production, among other functions.
Lipolysis: The Breakdown of Lipids:
Lipolysis is the process of breaking down lipids, particularly triglycerides, into glycerol and fatty acids. This process typically occurs in the adipose tissue and is triggered by various hormones, including glucagon and...
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Carbohydrate Metabolism01:36

Carbohydrate Metabolism

12.8K
Carbohydrates are polymers composed of molecules containing atoms of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. One gram of carbohydrate can provide four kilo-calories of energy, which makes it the most efficient instant energy source.
Starch accounts for approximately 60% of the carbohydrates consumed by humans. Since amylase enzymes cannot function in the stomach's acidic environment, starch can only be digested in the mouth and small intestine. Simple sugars are found naturally in milk and fruits in...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 2, 2025

Isolation of Adipose Tissue Immune Cells
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Isolation of Adipose Tissue Immune Cells

Published on: May 22, 2013

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Biochemical and immunological changes in obesity.

Beatriz Barakat1, Martha E F Almeida1

  • 1Institute of Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Viçosa (UFV), Rio Paranaíba Campus, Rio Paranaíba, Minas Gerais, Brazil.

Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics
|June 8, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Obesity, a public health issue, involves excess adipose tissue leading to oxidative stress and chronic inflammation. This review details biochemical and immunological changes driving metabolic dysfunction and comorbidities, emphasizing prevention through lifestyle changes.

Keywords:
Adipose tissueCytokinesDiseasesHormonesInflammationIntestinal microbiota

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Immunology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Obesity is a syndemic characterized by excess adipose tissue, leading to oxidative stress and chronic inflammation.
  • Adipose tissue dysfunction disrupts hormonal balance, causing loss of homeostasis and predisposing to comorbidities.
  • This imbalance involves hormones and adipokines, contributing to metabolic dysregulation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the biochemical and immunological changes during obesity onset and progression.
  • To highlight the role of adipocytes in metabolic alterations and comorbidity development.
  • To summarize key events in obesity pathogenesis.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review focusing on biochemical and immunological aspects of obesity.
  • Analysis of adipocyte hypertrophy and hyperplasia markers.
  • Examination of adipokine signaling pathways and gene expression.

Main Results:

  • Obesity involves hypertrophied/hyperplastic adipocytes releasing adipokines that alter metabolic pathways.
  • Key metabolic changes include altered energy balance and gut microbiota composition.
  • Obesity is linked to comorbidities such as diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and cancer.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding obesity's biochemical and immunological underpinnings is crucial for intervention.
  • Lifestyle modifications, including diet and physical activity, are vital for prevention and treatment.
  • Addressing obesity requires a comprehensive approach to mitigate associated health risks.