Primary Renal Leiomyosarcoma

To optimise the diagnosis and treatment of primary renal leiomyosarcoma, we present our experience with a similar case and review the literature. A 49-year woman was incidentally found to have a palpable mass in the right kidney. CT scan revealed an enhancing, heterogeneous, 6×7×9 cm right renal mass. On suspicion of renal carcinoma, a right radical nephrectomy was performed.  The pathological diagnosis was primary renal leiomyosarcoma. After 40 months of regular follow-up, local recurrence was found, and she had liver metastases. She died of cachexia due to tumor metastasis, and the survival period was just 44 months. With unobvious clinical manifestations, preoperative imaging and postoperative pathological examination might be helpful for an accurate diagnosis. Radical nephrectomy to completely remove the tumor is recommended, and the combination of neoadjuvant or postoperative therapy should also be considered. Key Words: Renal neoplasms, Leiomyosarcoma, Diagnosis, Therapy.