Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Uniform Depth Channel Flow: Problem Solving01:18

Uniform Depth Channel Flow: Problem Solving

179
To calculate the flow rate for a trapezoidal channel, first, identify the bottom width, side slope, and flow depth of the channel. The cross-sectional area (A) corresponding to the depth of flow (y), channel bottom width (B), and side slope (θ) is determined by:Next, calculate the wetted perimeter, which includes the bottom width and the sloped side lengths in contact with the water. Using the values of the cross-sectional area and the wetted perimeter, determine the hydraulic radius by...
179
Convolution Properties II01:17

Convolution Properties II

350
The important convolution properties include width, area, differentiation, and integration properties.
The width property indicates that if the durations of input signals are T1 and T2, then the width of the output response equals the sum of both durations, irrespective of the shapes of the two functions. For instance, convolving two rectangular pulses with durations of 2 seconds and 1 second results in a function with a width of 3 seconds.
The area property asserts that the area under the...
350
Uniform Depth Channel Flow01:27

Uniform Depth Channel Flow

235
Uniform depth channel flow keeps fluid depth consistent along channels such as irrigation canals. In natural channels, such as rivers, approximate uniform flow is often assumed. This condition occurs when the channel’s bottom slope matches the energy slope, balancing potential energy lost from gravity with head loss due to shear stress. This balance prevents depth changes along the channel length, resulting in a steady, uniform flow.Uniform flow in open channels with a constant cross-section...
235
Magnetic Vector Potential01:15

Magnetic Vector Potential

1.2K
In electrostatics, the electric field can be written as the negative gradient of the potential. In magnetostatics, the zero divergence of the magnetic field ensures that the magnetic field can be expressed as the curl of a vector potential. This potential is known as the magnetic vector potential.
Consider an ideal solenoid with n turns per unit length and radius R. If I is the current through the solenoid, the magnetic field inside the solenoid is expressed as the product of vacuum...
1.2K
Convolution: Math, Graphics, and Discrete Signals01:24

Convolution: Math, Graphics, and Discrete Signals

544
In any LTI (Linear Time-Invariant) system, the convolution of two signals is denoted using a convolution operator, assuming all initial conditions are zero. The convolution integral can be divided into two parts: the zero-input or natural response and the zero-state or forced response, with t0 indicating the initial time.
To simplify the convolution integral, it is assumed that both the input signal and impulse response are zero for negative time values. The graphical convolution process...
544
Vector Algebra: Method of Components01:08

Vector Algebra: Method of Components

17.6K
It is cumbersome to find the magnitudes of vectors using the parallelogram rule or using the graphical method to perform mathematical operations like addition, subtraction, and multiplication. There are two ways to circumvent this algebraic complexity. One way is to draw the vectors to scale, as in navigation, and read approximate vector lengths and angles (directions) from the graphs. The other way is to use the method of components.
In many applications, the magnitudes and directions of...
17.6K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

High-dimensional information encoding with low-divergence rotating gear vortex beams.

Optics express·2026
Same author

Mode crosstalk suppression in turbulent free-space vortex beam multiplexing link by OAM-based turbulence phase reconstruction.

Optics express·2026
Same author

Encapsulation of Menthol in Bimodal Mesoporous Silica via Normal-Temperature and Alcohol-Thermal Loading Methods for Achieving Sustained Releasing Performances.

Nanomaterials (Basel, Switzerland)·2026
Same author

Multi-omics analysis reveals psoralen to suppresses renal cell carcinoma through the PI3K/AKT pathway.

Molecular and clinical oncology·2026
Same author

Efficient Encapsulation and Sustained Release of Linalyl Acetate Using Fractal Bimodal Mesoporous Silica.

Nanomaterials (Basel, Switzerland)·2026
Same author

Research on the initial corrosion behavior of A100 steel in salt fog-SO<sub>2</sub> environment.

RSC advances·2026
Same journal

Application of ephrin-B2 loaded glycol chitosan-silk fibroin hydrogel in the treatment of diabetic refractory wounds.

Scientific reports·2026
Same journal

International expert Delphi consensus on thromboprophylaxis in metabolic and bariatric surgery.

Scientific reports·2026
Same journal

Assessing the cross-region knowledge transfer capability of selected deep learning building vectorization methods in the context of available training datasets.

Scientific reports·2026
Same journal

Feasibility and preliminary effects of outdoor versus indoor cognitive-motor therapy in women with Alzheimer's disease: A randomized single-blind pilot study.

Scientific reports·2026
Same journal

Hallmarks of social action in the vocal turn-taking of wild common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus).

Scientific reports·2026
Same journal

Role and mechanism of AOPPs-induced NOX4-mediated ferroptosis in intervertebral disc degeneration.

Scientific reports·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 2, 2025

Demonstration of Spin-Multiplexed and Direction-Multiplexed All-Dielectric Visible Metaholograms
08:48

Demonstration of Spin-Multiplexed and Direction-Multiplexed All-Dielectric Visible Metaholograms

Published on: September 25, 2020

5.9K

Experimental demonstration of multiple dimensional coding decoding for image transfer with controllable vortex

Long Zhu1, Andong Wang2, Mingliang Deng2

  • 1School of Communication and Information Engineering, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing, 400065, China. zhulong@cqupt.edu.cn.

Scientific Reports
|June 9, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed a new method using vortex array phase gratings (VAPGs) to encode data using orbital angular momentum (OAM) beams. This technique enables multi-dimensional coding for optical communication, achieving high-fidelity data transfer.

More Related Videos

Characterization of Anisotropic Leaky Mode Modulators for Holovideo
09:36

Characterization of Anisotropic Leaky Mode Modulators for Holovideo

Published on: March 19, 2016

8.1K
Scanning SQUID Study of Vortex Manipulation by Local Contact
06:53

Scanning SQUID Study of Vortex Manipulation by Local Contact

Published on: February 1, 2017

7.0K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Nov 2, 2025

Demonstration of Spin-Multiplexed and Direction-Multiplexed All-Dielectric Visible Metaholograms
08:48

Demonstration of Spin-Multiplexed and Direction-Multiplexed All-Dielectric Visible Metaholograms

Published on: September 25, 2020

5.9K
Characterization of Anisotropic Leaky Mode Modulators for Holovideo
09:36

Characterization of Anisotropic Leaky Mode Modulators for Holovideo

Published on: March 19, 2016

8.1K
Scanning SQUID Study of Vortex Manipulation by Local Contact
06:53

Scanning SQUID Study of Vortex Manipulation by Local Contact

Published on: February 1, 2017

7.0K

Area of Science:

  • Optics and Photonics
  • Information Technology

Background:

  • Vortex beams with orbital angular momentum (OAM) offer a unique spatial degree of freedom for optical communication.
  • Current OAM-based schemes primarily encode data using distinct OAM states, limiting coding capacity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce a novel design for vortex array phase gratings (VAPGs).
  • To demonstrate a multi-dimensional coding/decoding scheme utilizing VAPGs for enhanced optical communication.

Main Methods:

  • Designed and constructed vortex array phase gratings (VAPGs) with tunable parameters.
  • Employed a spatial light modulator (SLM) to generate vortex arrays with controlled mode states and relative power.
  • Implemented a multi-dimensional space/mode/amplitude coding/decoding scheme for image transmission.

Main Results:

  • Successfully generated vortex arrays with diverse mode states and power distributions using VAPGs.
  • Experimentally demonstrated a 10-bit multi-dimensional coding/decoding scheme for free-space optical links.
  • Achieved a zero bit-error-rate (BER) in the image transfer, validating the proposed scheme's effectiveness.

Conclusions:

  • The proposed VAPG design technique enables flexible generation of vortex arrays.
  • VAPGs facilitate multi-dimensional data encoding by leveraging space, mode, and amplitude.
  • The VAPG-based scheme offers a feasible and high-performance solution for advanced optical communication systems.