Shifting the paradigms for tumor suppression: lessons from the p53 field

The TP53 gene continues to hold distinction as the most frequently mutated gene in cancer. Since its discovery in 1979, hundreds of research groups have devoted their efforts toward understanding why this gene is so frequently selected against by tumors, with the hopes of harnessing this information toward the improved therapy of cancer. The result is that this protein has been meticulously analyzed in tumor and normal cells, resulting in over 100,000 publications, with an average of 5000 papers published on p53 every year for the past decade. The journey toward understanding p53 function has been anything but straightforward; in fact, the field is notable for the numerous times that established paradigms not only have been shifted, but in fact have been shattered or reversed. In this review, we will discuss the manuscripts, or series of manuscripts, that have most radically changed our thinking about how this tumor suppressor functions, and we will delve into the emerging challenges for the future in this important area of research. It is hoped that this review will serve as a useful historical reference for those interested in p53, and a useful lesson on the need to be flexible in the face of established paradigms.