A comparative study on phosphate removal from water using Phragmites australis biochars loaded with different metal...

Metal oxide-loaded biochars are a promising material to remove phosphate from polluted water to ultra-low concentrations. To facilitate preparing the metal oxide-loaded biochar with the best phosphate adsorption performance, five biochars loaded with Al, Ca, Fe, La and Mg oxides, respectively (Al-BC, Ca-BC, Fe-BC, La-BC and Mg-BC) were produced using Phragmites australis pretreated with 0.1 mol AlCl₃, CaCl₂, FeCl₃, LaCl₃ and MgCl₂, respectively, characterized, and phosphate adsorption kinetics and isotherms of the biochars were determined. The maximum phosphate adsorption capacities (Q ) of the biochars ranked as Al-BC (219.87 mg g^-1) > Mg-BC (112.45 mg g^-1) > Ca-BC (81.46 mg g^-1) > Fe-BC (46.61 mg g^-1) > La-BC (38.93 mg g^-1). The time to reach the adsorption equilibrium ranked as La-BC (1 h) < Ca-BC (12 h) < Mg-BC (24 h) = Fe-BC (24 h) Q of Ca-BC, Fe-BC, La-BC and Mg-BC depend on the molar content of metals in the biochars. The small phosphate adsorption rate of Al-BC is due to the slow intra-particle diffusion of phosphate attributed to the undeveloped porosity and dispersed distribution of AlOOH crystals on the Al-BC surface. Mg-BC is suggested for phosphate removal from water considering adsorption rate and capacity. Al-BC is applicable when a long contact time is allowed, e.g. as a capping material to immobilize phosphate in lake sediments.