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Apple fruit development was studied to determine when physical traits emerge. Size measurements at harvest are suitable for classifying apples, even when picked before full maturity.

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Area of Science:

  • Horticulture
  • Plant Science
  • Pomology

Background:

  • Commercial apples are harvested pre-maturity, impacting fruit development understanding.
  • Contradictory findings exist regarding apple growth patterns in scientific literature.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify the stage of apple fruit development when cultivar-specific physical traits become apparent.
  • To validate the use of morphometric analysis for classifying apples at harvest and post-storage.

Main Methods:

  • Studied 12 apple cultivars over two seasons at the Brogdale National Fruit Collection.
  • Collected four morphometric data points (length, diameter, weight, centroid size) throughout the growing season.
  • Utilized log-log linear regressions against growing degree days to model fruit growth.

Main Results:

  • All four morphometrics were well-described by log-log linear regressions (adjusted R2: 78.3%-86.7%).
  • A 10% increase in growing degree days correlated with a 1% increase in each morphometric.
  • Pre-maturely harvested apples showed minimal size reduction compared to tree-ripened fruit.

Conclusions:

  • Established growth patterns refine existing models, showing rapid early growth followed by a plateau.
  • Morphometric analysis is effective for classifying apples, regardless of harvest timing relative to maturity.
  • Findings support the use of size-based classification for commercial apples at the point of harvest.