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Updated: Nov 2, 2025
Transconjunctival Approach for Injection into the Rat Optic Nerve
Published on: April 4, 2025
A modified transconjunctival technique for botulinum toxin chemodenervation of levator palpebrae superioris for
Naing L Tint1,2, Edward P I Saxby3, Su-Ling Young3
1Princess Alexandra Eye Pavilion, Edinburgh, UK. ntint@talk21.com.
Background:
Botulinum toxin (BTX) is useful for inducing temporary ptosis in patients with ocular surface disease. However, transcutaneous BTX often causes inadvertent superior rectus (SR) paresis. Furthermore, Muller's muscle is unaffected by transcutaneous BTX, resulting in lagophthalmos and incomplete ptosis.
Methods:
We report a novel BTX injection technique, in which the upper lid is double everted over a Desmarres retractor, and BTX injected transconjunctivally at the superior aspect of Muller's muscle, where it lies close to levator palpebrae superioris.
Results:
In our series of 21 patients, one had inadvertent subcutaneous BTX and developed incomplete ptosis. The remaining 20 patients had complete ptosis within 48 h. No patients had SR underaction.
Conclusion:
We conclude that transconjunctival BTX injection is safe, effective, and superior to transcutaneous BTX injection, because of the low risk of superior rectus underaction and incomplete ptosis.
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